ÿþ<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> <html> <head> <title>Humanistic Manifest en</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name="Author" content="Asko Korpela 20080202"> <meta name="generator" content="Mozilla/4.51 [fi] (WinNT; U) [Netscape]"> <meta name="generator" content="Asko Korpela: Delphi6 [Sivusto]"> <meta name="Description" content="Russian text, Cyrillics"> <meta name="KeyWords" content="Cyrillic (Windows-1251)"> </head> <body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FF8080" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000"> <center><table BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=8 WIDTH="65%" BGCOLOR="#FFCC99" > <tr VALIGN=TOP> <td> <center> <b><font size=+4><a href="../Praktitsh/00-Balashov-pra.htm">[00]</a></font></b> <br> <!-- Begin Motigo Webstats code --> <!-- Title: Humanistic Manifest --> <!-- URL: http://www.askokorpela.fi/filosofia/Balashov/Manifest/HumanisticManifest-LEB-en.htm --> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://m1.webstats.motigo.com/m.js"></script> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"> motigo_webstats("AESKnwwlaG7hAPuj1/MC4b5C3UkA", 0); </script> <noscript> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.webstats.motigo.com/stats?AESKnwwlaG7hAPuj1/MC4b5C3UkA"> <img src="http://m1.webstats.motigo.com/n?id=AESKnwwlaG7hAPuj1/MC4b5C3UkA" border="0" width="18" height="18" alt="Motigo Webstats - Free web site statistics Personal homepage website counter"/> </a><br /> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.webstats.motigo.com/">Free counter</a> </noscript> <!-- End Motigo Webstats code --> <h1><font size=+2>L.E. Balashov</font> <br />Humanistic Manifest</h1> <a href="HumanisticManifest-LEB-en-00.htm"> [ Manifest 00 ]</a> <br><a href="HumanisticManifest-LEB-ru.htm">Manifest in Russian</a> <br><a href="HumanisticManifest-LEB-fi.htm">Manifest in Finnish (suomeksi)</a> <br>. . ( <br>C<0=8AB8G5A:89 <0=8D5AB <br>English translation: Asko Korpela <tr> <td> <center> |<a href="#1"> 1|</> <a href="#2"> 2|</> <a href="#3"> 3|</> <a href="#4"> 4|</> <a href="#5"> 5|</> <a href="#6"> 6|</> <a href="#7"> 7|</> <a href="#8"> 8|</> <a href="#9"> 9|</> <a href="#10">10|</> <a href="#11">11|</> <a href="#12">12|</> <a href="#13">13|</> <a href="#14">14|</> <a href="#15">15|</> <a href="#16">16|</> <a href="#17">17|</> <a href="#18">18|</> <a href="#19">19|</> <a href="#20">20|</> <a href="#21">21|</> <a href="#22">22|</> <a href="#23">23|</> <a href="#24">24|</> <br><a href="#25">25|</> <a href="#26">26|</> <a href="#27">27|</> <a href="#28">28|</> <a href="#29">29|</> <a href="#30">30|</> <a href="#31">31|</> <a href="#32">32|</> <a href="#33">33|</> <a href="#34">34|</> <a href="#35">35|</> <a href="#36">36|</> <a href="#37">37|</> <a href="#38">38|</> <a href="#39">39|</> <a href="#40">40|</> <a href="#41">41|</> <a href="#42">42|</> <a href="#43">43|</> <a href="#44">44|</> <a href="#45">45|</> <a href="#46">46|</> <a href="#47">47|</> </td> </tr> <tr> <td BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"> <a name="1">1<a href="#F1">(1)</a> <font size=+3><center> <b> 1</b> </center> </font> <b> C<0=87< </b>  2>B 8AB8==0O D8;>A>D8O G5;>25:0! = 4>;65= 1KBL 7=0<5=5< 2A5E CAB@5<;5=89 G5;>25G5A:>3> 4CE0, 2A5E >1I5AB25==KE 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E 42865=89. <p><font size=+2> <b>Humanism</b> is a true philosophy of mankind! It shall be the flag of all human endeavour, of all social and political movements. </font> <p> <a href="#comment-1">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="2"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 2 </center></b> </font> <b> C<0=8AB8G5A:0O D8;>A>D8O</b>  C<>=0AB@>5=85 <KA;OI8E ;N459, >A>7=0==0O CAB0=>2:0 =0 G5;>25G=>ABL 157 3@0=8F. <p> <font size=+2> <b> Humanistic philosophy</b> is the atmosphere of mind of thinking people, the foundation of humanity without limits. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="3"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 3 </center></b> </font> <font size=+2> <b> Humanity</b> is humanism in its noncalculating, immediate, natural form. </font><p> <b>'5;>25G=>ABL</b>  157>BG5B=K9, =5?>A@54AB25==K9, AB8E89=K9 3C<0=87<. C<0=87<  >A>7=0==0O, >A<KA;5==0O G5;>25G=>ABL. <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="4"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 4 </center></b> </font> <b> C<0=87< 8AE>48B 87 B>3></b>, GB> '5;>25: @>645= @8@>4>9 8 1I5AB2><, => :0: A>10O @50;L=>ABL, 0 =5 :0: ?@8@>4=>5 8/8;8 A>F80;L=>5 ACI5AB2>. <p> <font size=+2> <b>Humanism presupposes</b> that Man is born by the Nature and the Society, but is a separate being, but not a being oowned by nature and/or society. </font><p> <a href="#comment-4">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"> <a name="5"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 5 </center></b> </font> <b> ! B>G:8 7@5=8O 3C<0=87<0 G5;>25: 4;O G5;>25:0  2KAH0O F5==>ABL.</b> -B0 F5==>ABL ?@8>@8B5B=0 ?> >B=>H5=8N :> 2A5< 4@C38< F5==>ABO<: <0B5@80;L=K< 8;8 4CE>2=K<, ?@8@>4=K< 8;8 A>F80;L=K<. <p> <font size=+2> <b> From the stand point of human being the human being is the highest value.</b> This value has priority above all other values: material or spiritual, natural or social. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="6"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 6 </center></b> </font> B> C=8605B 4>AB>8=AB2> 4@C38E, B>B A0< >1;0405B =52KA>:8<8 4>AB>8=AB20<8. <p> <font size=+2> Anyone who belittles the dignity of others, commits a deed of low dignity. </font><p> <a href="#comment-6">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"> <a name="7"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 7 </center></b> </font> <b>;O 3C<0=8AB0 G5;>25: F5=5= A0< ?> A515, :0: B0:>2>9</b>, C65 2 A8;C A2>53> @>645=8O. C<0=8AB 87=0G0;L=> ?>;>68B5;L=> >B=>A8BAO : G5;>25:C, :0:8< 1K MB>B G5;>25: =8 1K;, 70:>=>?>A;CH=K< 8;8 ?@5ABC?=8:><, <C6G8=>9 8;8 65=I8=>9, A>?;5<5==8:>< 8;8 4@C3>9 =0F8>=0;L=>AB8, 25@CNI8< 8;8 =525@CNI8<. <p> <font size=+2> <b> For a humanist man is a value in itself, as is</b>, already from the power of being born. A humanist is originally positively related to the man as such, whatever kind he is, law obiding or criminal, man or woman, of his own family or of other nationality, religious or nonreligious.</font> </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="8"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 8 </center></b> </font> C45< ;CGH5 4C<0BL > ;N4OE 8 >=8 =0 A0<>< 45;5 AB0=CB ;CGH5. 0: <K 4C<05<, B0: 8 6825<. CGH5 4C<05<  ;CGH5 6825<. <p><font size=+2> We will think better of people and they become better. How we think, thus we live. We think better, we live better. </font><p> <a href="#comment-8">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="9"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 9 </center></b> </font>  G5;>25G5A:>< >1I5=88 ;CGH5 >H818BLAO 2 AB>@>=C 4>25@8O, G5< =54>25@8O. </font><p> <font size=+2> In the human intercourse better to mistake to the side of thrust than to suspicion. </font><p> <a href="#comment-9">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="10"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 10 </center></b> </font> C<0=8AB >A<KA;O5B A2>5 O 2 <0AHB010E 2A53> G5;>25G5AB20. C<0=87<  A2>53> @>40 ;8DB, A>548=ONI89 G5;>25:0 8 G5;>25G5AB2>, ?>4=8<0NI89 G5;>25:0 >B 53>  O 4>  <K 2A5E ;N459. <p> <font size=+2> Humanist thinks himself in the scale of humanity as a whole. Humanism is a kind of lift that unites an individual with the whole human society by lifting him from the level of 'me' to the level of 'we' of all people. </font><p><b> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="11"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 11 </center></b> </font> C<0=87< ?@87=05B <=>3>>1@0785 8 548=AB2> G5;>25G5AB20 :0: @02=>F5==K5 40==>AB8. @87=020O <=>3>>1@0785 G5;>25G5AB20, 3C<0=87< 2KABC?05B ?@>B82 ?>?KB>: C<5=LH8BL MB> <=>3>>1@0785 ?CB5< =0A8;8O 8;8 ?@8=C645=8O. @87=020O 65 548=AB2> G5;>25G5AB20, 3C<0=87< 2KABC?05B ?@>B82 ?>?KB>: @07>@20BL MB> 548=AB2>, 87>;8@>20BL :0:CN-B> G0ABL ;N459 >B >AB0;L=>3> G5;>25G5AB20. <p> <font size=+2> Humanism recognizes versatility and unity as equally valuable dowery. By recognizing versatility of human kind humanism confronts the endeavour to belittle this versatility by violence or compulsion. By recognizing the unity of mankind humanism confronts the endeavour to smash this unity, to separate a part of people from the rest of mankind. </font><p> <a href="#comment-11">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"> <a name="12"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 12 </center></b> </font> <b> A?>@5 8=48284C0;87<0 A :>;;5:B8287<>< 3C<0=87< 70=8<05B ?>78F8N B@5B59A:>3> AC4L8.</b> = 2KABC?05B :0: ?@>B82 :@09=53> :>;;5:B8287<0, CI5<;ONI53> 8=48284C0;L=CN A2>1>4C G5;>25:0, B0: 8 ?@>B82 :@09=53> 8=48284C0;87<0, 83=>@8@CNI53> 8;8 CI5<;ONI53> A2>1>4C 4@C38E (2A5>1ICN A2>1>4C). <p> <font size=+2> <b>In the quest of individualism versus collectivism humanism takes the position of arbitrarian judge.</b> It confronts the utmost collectivism that infringes individual liberty of man, and likewise agains utmost individualism which is ignoring or belittling the freedom of others (general freedom). </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="13"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 13 </center></b> </font> 4=> 45;>  :>;;5:B8287< :0: 5AB5AB25==>5 AB@5<;5=85 ;N459 : >1J548=5=8N, :0: 4>1@>2>;L=>5 8E >1J548=5=85 4;O C<=>65=8O A8;. @C3>5 45;>  :>;;5:B8287< :0: ?@8=F8? >D8F80;L=>9 <>@0;8, :0: 2A5>1I89 ?@8=F8? ?>2545=8O ;N459.  MB>< A;CG05 :>;;5:B8287< B5@O5B 5AB5AB25==>ABL, 4>1@>2>;L=>ABL 8 ?@8>1@5B05B E0@0:B5@ 8<?5@0B820, ?@8=C48B5;L=>9 =>@<K-<5@K,  C4CH5=8O ?>A@54AB2>< >1JOB89 . 1A>;NB878F8O :>;;5:B828ABA:>3> =0G0;0 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K D0:B8G5A:8 2545B : >B@8F0=8N G5;>25G=>AB8, : 0=B83C<0=87<C. 54L G5;>25G5A:0O ?@8@>40 8 35=5B8G5A:8, 8 ?>2545=G5A:8 <=>3>>1@07=0. =0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 AB0B8AB8G5A:89 @071@>A :>;;5:B828ABA:8E, 8=48284C0;8AB8G5A:8E 8 A<5H0==KE B8?>2. <p> <font size=+2> One is collectivism as a natural endeavour of people to unite, as their voluntary union to enhanced power. Another is collectivism as a principle of official moral, as a general principle of human behaviour. In this case collectivism looses naturality, voluntarity and gains the character of imperative, of compulsory norm and measure, becomes 'asphyxion by embracing'. Absolution of the collective initiation of the human nature leads in fact to the negation of humanity, to antihumanism. For the human nature is both genetically and behaviourally manysided. It represents in itself a statisdtical dispersion of collectivistic, individualistic and mixed types of people. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="14"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 14 </center></b> </font> 0< =5 =C6=> 548=AB20 2> GB>1K B> =8 AB0;>, ;N1>9 F5=>9. >340 8=48284C0;87< @0A?@>AB@0=5= B0: 65, :0: :>;;5:B8287<, 2A5>1I55 >1>;20=820=85 =52>7<>6=>. 52>7<>6=K :C;LB 2>64O, 45A?>B87<, <0AA>2K9 B5@@>@ 8 @5?@5AA88. <p> <font size=+2> We do not need unity to any price. When the individualism is as widely dispersed as is the collectivism, the general fraudulency becomes impossible. The cult of leader, despotism, massive terror and repression will be impossible. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td BGCOLOR="#FFCCCC"> <a name="15"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 15 </center></b> </font> <b> @825@65=5F 3C<0=87<0 >A<KA;O5B G5;>25G=>ABL :0: DC=40<5=B0;L=CN F5==>ABL, =57028A8<> >B A2>59 A>A;>2=>9 8;8 8=>9 3@C??>2>9 ?@8=04;56=>AB8.</b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p> <font size=+2><b> The defender of humanism perceives humanity as a fundamental value, independent of his or her hereditary or other group liability.</b> Humanism is oriented towards concrete, this present person, individual, human being as a unique phenomenon. As a matter of fact, as we think of people belonging to somewhere, as representatives of this or that social group, layer, then its individual character constituing the personality, vanishes, he or she looses his uniqueness and becomes a partial, assimilated, unified human being. Humanism abandons that kind of conception. In this is his or her difference of nationalism, communism, religious fundamentalism... </font><p> <a href="#comment-15-16">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="16"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 16 </center></b> </font> ><<C=87<, 4>;3>5 2@5<O @O482H89AO 2 B>3C 3C<0=87<0, ?> A2>59 ACB8 0=B83C<0=5=. 3> <>6=> :20;8D8F8@>20BL :0: ABK4;82K9 0=B83C<0=87<. 45>;>38O :;0AA>2>3> ?>4E>40 ?@5ABC?=0, 0=B83C<0==0 :0: 0=B83C<0==K @0A87<, H>28=87<, @5;838>7=K9 D0=0B87< 8 B><C ?>4>1=K5 845>;>388, C<>=0AB@>5=8O, >F5=820NI85 ;N459 ?> ?@87=0:C 8E ?@8=04;56=>AB8 : B>9 8;8 8=>9 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??5, >1I=>AB8. <p> <font size=+2> Communism, after staying lon time in the gown of humanism, is of its very nature antihuman. It can be qualified as ashamed antihumanism. The ideology of class confrontation is criminal, antihuman as is antihuman racism, chavinism, religious fanatism and ideologies, constructions of mind comparable to it valuing people according to their belonging to one or other social group of layer. </font><p> <a href="#comment-15-16">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="17"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 17 </center></b> </font> #G5=K5-A>F8>;>38 8AA;54CNB G5;>25:0 :0: ?@54AB028B5;O B>9 8;8 8=>9 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??K. =8 01AB@038@CNBAO >B 2A59 ?>;=>BK G5;>25:0 4;O ;CGH53> 53> 0=0B><8@>20=8O. >;8B8:8 >@85=B8@CNBAO 2 A2>8E ?@54?>GB5=8OE =0 B5 8;8 8=K5 3@C??K ;N459.  B>< 8 4@C3>< A;CG05 G5;>25: @0AA<0B@8205BAO ?> ?@8=04;56=>AB8, =5 :0: AC1J5:B, 0 :0: ?@548:0B->1J5:B. 725AB=K 8 4@C385 A;CG08 (=0?@8<5@, 2 <548F8=5), :>340 G5;>25: @0AA<0B@8205BAO ?>4>1=K< 65 >1@07><. A5 MB8 A;CG08 G0AB8G=>3> @0AA<>B@5=8O->F5=:8 G5;>25:0 >?@0240=K 8 >?@0240=K 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 >=8 =5 ?@>B82>@5G0B 3C<0=87<C. C<0=87<  B>B C75;, :>B>@K9 A2O7K205B 2A5E ;N459 :0: ;N459, 0 =5 :0: ?@54AB028B5;59 B>9 8;8 8=>9 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??K. C<0=87< :0: 1K 3>2>@8B A>F8>;>30<: 0=0B><8@C9B5, ?@5?0@8@C9B5 G5;>25:0, => ?><=8B5: 2K 8<55B5 45;> A =5?>;=K< G5;>25:><; 20H8 8AA;54>20=8O 8<5NB B>;L:> G0AB8G=>5 7=0G5=85. "> 65 >= 3>2>@8B ?>;8B8:0<, 3>AC40@AB25==K< A;C60I8<, M:>=><8AB0<, <548F8=A:8<, A>F80;L=K< @01>B=8:0<: <b>20H0 45OB5;L=>ABL 206=0 4;O G5;>25:0, => >=0 2A5 65 8<55B ;8HL G0AB8G=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O =53>.</b> <p> <font size=+2> Sociologists are studying human beings as representatives of this or that social group. They abstract him of all wholeness in order to anatomize him better. Politologists are oriented in their preferences to this or that group of people. In this as well as that case the man is considered according to his belonging to somewhere not as a subject but as a predicate object. Also other cases are known (for exmple in medicine), when the human being is considered in similar manner. All these cases of partial consideration and valuation of human being are justified and justified to the extend that they do not oppose humanism. Jumanism is the knot, which unites all people as people and not as representatives of one or another social group. Humanism as if would say to sociologists: anatomize, prepare people, but remember: you are treating a partial human being; your investigations have only partial meaning. To the politologist, civil servants, economists, medical people, social workers he is saying the same: <b>your work is important to man, but all of it has only partial significance for him.</b> </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="18"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 18 </center></b> </font>  A2>5< 5AB5AB25==>< 2845 3C<0=87< 2?>;=5 A>3;0AC5BAO A ;815@0;87<><. >;55 B>3>, 3C<0=87< 8 ;815@0;87< A>@07<5@=K 4@C3 4@C3C. 5 <>65B 1KBL 3C<0=87<0 157 ;815@0;87<0, 0 ;815@0;87<0 157 3C<0=87<0. 815@0;87<  MB> 3C<0=87<, 27OBK9 2 0A?5:B5 A2>1>4K, 3C<0=87<  MB> ;815@0;87<, 27OBK9 2 0A?5:B5 G5;>25G=>AB8. A;8 ?@825@65=5F 3C<0=87<0 @C305B ;815@0;87<, B> >= ;81> =5 ?>=8<05B ACB8 ;815@0;87<0, ;81> =5 O2;O5BAO ?>-=0AB>OI5<C 3C<0=8AB><. A;8 =07K20NI89 A51O ;815@0;>< 2KABC?05B A =53C<0==KE 8;8 0=B83C<0==KE ?>78F89, B> MB> =5 ;815@0; 2 ?>4;8==>< A<KA;5. <p>  A0<>< 45;5, 4;O ;815@0;0 A2>1>40  2KAH0O F5==>ABL 687=8.  >= C20605B 55 =5 B>;L:> 2 A515 8 4;O A51O, => 8 2 4@C38E 8 4;O 4@C38E. A;8, 4>?CAB8<, G5;>25: ?@87=05B A2>1>4C ;8HL 4;O A51O 8;8 4;O =5<=>38E, B> MB8< >= D0:B8G5A:8 >B@8F05B 5Q, ?>A:>;L:C B0:0O A2>1>40 =>A8B 25AL<0 >3@0=8G5==K9 (G0AB=K9, =5 2A5>1I89) E0@0:B5@. KBL A2>1>4=K< A@548 @01>2, 2 >:@C65=88 @01>2  =>=A5=A (402=> ?>4<5G5=>, GB> BN@5<I8:, >E@0=ONI89 70:;NG5==>3>, 2> <=>3>< B>B 65 70:;NG5==K9). >-=0AB>OI5<C <b>A2>1>4=K< <>6=> 1KBL B>;L:> A@548 A2>1>4=KE.</b> >MB><C 8AB8==K9 ;815@0; F5=8B =5 B>;L:> A2>N A2>1>4C, => 8 A2>1>4C 4@C38E. !;54>20B5;L=>, >= ?> >?@545;5=8N G5;>25G5=, 3C<0=5=. <p> <font size=+2> In its natural form humanism is in a complete accordance with liberalism. More than that, humanism and liberalism are in complete conformity with each other. There can be no humanism without liberalism or liberalism without humanism. Liberalism is humanism, considered from the standpoint of freedom, humanism is liberalism from the point of view of the humanity. If a supporter of humanism scolds liberalism, he is either ignorant of the essence of liberalism or he is not a real humanist. If a person maintains to be liberal and takes nonhuman or antihuman position, he is actually not liberal. <p>As a matter of fact freedom is the highest value of life for a liberal. And he respects it not only in himself but also in others and for others. Suppose that a person recognizes freedom only for himself or for a few, then he in fact denies it, because that kind of freedom carries very limited (private, not general) character. To be free among slaves, surrounded by slaves is nonsense (it has been noted long ago that a prison guard who is guarding a prisoner is to an extent also a prisoner). In reality <b>free can be only in the midst of free.</b> Therefore a real liberal appreciates not only his own freedom but also the freedom of others. Consequently he is according to the definition human. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="19"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 19 </center></b> </font> '5;>25: 2A5340 A2>1>45=; >= 87=0G0;L=> >1;0405B :0:8<-B> <8=8<C<>< A2>1>4K ?@>AB> :0: 682>5 ACI5AB2>; 2 B> 65 2@5<O 2 =5< 70;>65=> AB@5<;5=85 : 1>;LH59 A2>1>45, ?@8G5< 1573@0=8G=>5 AB@5<;5=85. BAN40 2A5 ?@>1;5<K. <p> <font size=+2> Man is always free; he originally enjoys some minimum of freedom simply because he is a living being; at the same time there is inside him a quest of greater freedom, this quest is unlimited. This causes problems. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="20"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 20 </center></b> </font> ! B>G:8 7@5=8O 3C<0=87<0 G5;>25: :0: O2;5=85 75<=>9 687=8 A0<>4>AB0B>G5=. A;8 >= 8 7028A8B >B G53>-;81>, B> =5 >B :0:8E-B> ?>BCAB>@>==8E, A25@EJ5AB5AB25==KE, =04G5;>25G5A:8E A8;, 0 >B A@54K >18B0=8O. <p> <font size=+2> From the point of view of humanism man as a phenomenon of life on the earth is independent. If he is dependent of something, then not of exterrestrial, superhuman forces but of his surroundings. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="21"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 21 </center></b> </font> AB5AB25==K< ?@>4>;65=85< 3C<0=87<0 ?@8<5=8B5;L=> : ?@8@>45 O2;O5BAO M:>3C<0=87<.  >A=>25 M:>3C<0=87<0 ;568B <b>15@56=>-;N1>2=>5 >B=>H5=85 : A@545 >18B0=8O</b>. -B> 8 ;N1>2=>-C2068B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 : =0H8< <5=LH8< 1@0BLO<, 682>B=K<, 8 >E@0=0 >:@C60NI59 A@54K, 8 ?>A8;L=>5 2>AA>740=85 CB@0G5==KE M;5<5=B>2 ?@8@>4K, 8 A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 :C;LBC@=>9 A@54K, 2B>@>9 ?@8@>4K, A>740==>9 B@C4>< G5;>25:0. <p> <font size=+2> A natural extension of humanism appliable to the nature is ecohumanism. On its foundation ecohumanism lies <b>in conserving and loving relation to the environment.</b> This conserving and loving relationship is valid also towards our smaller brothers, animals, and conserving the cultural environment, the second nature, created by human labour. </font><p> <a href="#comment-21">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="22"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 22 </center></b> </font> A;8 3>2>@8BL > <8@5 2 F5;><, B> >=, 157CA;>2=>, =5 O2;O5BAO B>;L:> A@54>9 >18B0=8O G5;>25:0. 8@ =5>1JOB5= 8 :0: B0:>2>9 =5 ?>4G8=O5BAO G5;>25:C. <p> C<0=87< 8<55B A2>8 3@0=8FK; >= =5 ?@5B5=4C5B =0 2A5;5=AB2>, =0 0=B@>?>F5=B@87<, =0 B>, GB>1K G5;>25: @0AA<0B@820;AO :0: F5=B@ A5;5==>9; >= ;8HL C:07K205B, GB> <b>G5;>25: 4;O G5;>25:0  2KAH0O F5==>ABL</b>. <p> #B25@640O 4>AB>8=AB2> G5;>25:0, 3C<0=87< 2 B> 65 2@5<O 2KABC?05B ?@>B82 2>725;8G820=8O, >1>65AB2;5=8O G5;>25:0. C<0=87< 8 2KA>:><5@85 =5A>2<5AB8<K. <p> <font size=+2> Speaking of world as a whole, it compulsorily is not only environment of human being. The worls is immeasurable and as such does not open to people. <p>Humanism has its limits; it does not pretend to be universal, nor antropocentral in the sense that human being would be the center of Universe; it only states that human being is the highest value to human being. <p>Confirming the dignity of human being, humanism at the same time confronts against the overvaluation, deifying human being. Humanism and highmindedness are not compatible. </font><p> <a href="#comment-22">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="23"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 23 </center></b> </font>  A?>@5 =0C:8 8 @5;8388, <8AB8:8, ?0@0=0C:8 3C<0=87< 15@5B AB>@>=C =0C:8. 0C:0 405B 7=0=8O, 157 :>B>@KE G5;>25: A;5? 8 15A?><>I5=. <p> <font size=+2> In the quest between scioence and religion, mysticism, parascience humanism takes the part of science. Science gives knowledge, without which man would be blind and helpless. </font><p> <a href="#comment-23">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="24"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 24 </center></b> </font> C<0=87< =5 <>65B 1KBL A25BA:8< 8;8 @5;838>7=K<. = >48=  4;O 25@CNI8E 8 =525@CNI8E. <p> C<0=87< 25@CNI53> >3@0=8G5=, ?>A:>;L:C 53> G5;>25G=>ABL >G5@G5=0 @0<:0<8 @5;838>7=>3> ?>:;>=5=8O =04G5;>25G5A:><C (1>65AB25==><C, 2 G0AB=>< A;CG05). > 8<O MB>3> =04G5;>25G5A:>3> 25@CNI89 <>65B A>25@H0BL 15AG5;>25G=K5 ?>ABC?:8. <p> C<0=87< =525@CNI53> B0:65 <>65B 1KBL >3@0=8G5=, 5A;8 53> G5;>25G=>ABL ?@8=>A8BAO 2 65@B2C =04G5;>25G5A:><C 65: :>;;5:B82=><C, 3@C??>2><C (=0F88, @0A5, :><<C=87<C 8 B.?.). <p>  B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 G5;>25: ?>ABC?05B G5;>25G=> ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38< ;N4O< 8 >A<KA;O5B MBC A2>N G5;>25G=>ABL 157 >3@0=8G5=89, 157 >3;O4>: =0 =04G5;>25G5A:>5, >=  3C<0=8AB. <p> <font size=+2> Humanism cannot be secularized or religious. It is one entity for believers and nonbelievers. <p> A believer's Humanism is limited to the extent that his humanness is limited to the frame of religious reliance to the surhuman (divinity in an individual case). In the name of this divinity a believer is able to perform inhuman acts. <p> A non-believer's humanism can also be limited, if his humanity leads to sacrifice to the inhuman: to collectivism, to the group (nation, race, communism and so forth). <p> To the extent that man behaves in a human way towards other human beings and considers his humanity without limits, without glances to superhuman things, he is a humanist. </font><p> <a href="#comment-24">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="25"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 25 </center></b> </font> A;8 G5;>25: =07K205B A51O 25@CNI8<, B> MB> 2>2A5 =5 7=0G8B, GB> >=  548=AB25==K9 =>A8B5;L-E@0=8B5;L 25@K. 5B G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 =5 25@8; 1K =8 2> GB>. 07C25@82H89AO @5H8B5;L=> 2> 2AQ<, :0: ?@028;>, :>=G05B 687=L A0<>C189AB2><. 5@CNI89  MB> G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 01A>;NB878@C5B 25@C, AB028B 55 2KH5 7=0=8O, @07C<0, <>@0;8 8 B. 4. 5;838>7=0O 25@0  MB> ?@5C25;8G5==0O, 38?5@B@>D8@>20==0O 25@0. =0 7=0G8B5;L=> >3@0=8G8205B, 5A;8 =5 703;CH05B, :@8B8G5A:CN A>AB02;ONICN G5;>25G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. <p> <font size=+2> If a man declares himself a believer, this does non mean that he is the only defender of the religion. There is no human who would not believe in something. He who beleieves decidedly in everything, as a rule, finishes his life with suicide. A believer is a person who absolutizes his religion, poses it above the knowledge, reason, moral and so on. Religious belief is exaggerated, hypertrophical belief. It limits a lot, if not finishes critical and constructive human thinking. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="26"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 26 </center></b> </font> !><=5=85  =5>1E>48<K9 M;5<5=B 2> 2A5E 45;0E, 345 5ABL =5>?@545;5==>ABL, ?@8ACBAB2C5B @8A:.  B0:8E 45; 1>;LH8=AB2>! '5;>25: =5A><=520NI89AO, ;8H5==K9 A><=5=8O  >1@5G5=. "0:>9 G5;>25: :@09=5 =5381>:, E@C?>: :0: E@C?:> >G5=L B25@4>5 B5;>. 81> >= 4>;65= 871530BL <0;59H53> @8A:0, <0;59H59 =5>?@545;5==>AB8 2 45;0E, ;81> >= @8A:C5B 1KAB@>  A;><0BL H5N . !><=5=85  MB> >B25B =0 >1J5:B82=CN =5>?@545;5==>ABL A8BC0F88, =0 =5>1E>48<>ABL ?>AB>O==>3> 2K1>@0 <564C @07;8G=K<8 20@80=B0<8, @07;8G=K<8 ?CBO<8-4>@>30<8. <b>'5;>25:, 2 ACI=>AB8, 2A5340  MB0:89 28BO7L =0 @0A?CBL5</b>. 5@54 =8< <>@5 20@80=B>2, >= <>65B ?>ABC?0BL B0: 8;8 M40:. 4>@>2K9 A:5?A8A 2A5340 =0 2>>@C65=88 C @07C<0. -B> 70I8I05B 53> >B A:>@>?0;8B5;L=KE @5H5=89, 0 G5;>25:0 >B =5>14C<0==KE 459AB289. <p> <font size=+2> Doubt is a necessary element in all matters where there is some indefiniteness, exists risk. But most matters are of this kind! A doubtless human being is doomed. That kind of human being is inflexible, fragile, very hard. Either he must avoid even a smallest risk, a smallest indefiniteness in things or he runs the risk of breaking his skull. A doubt is an answer to the indefiniteness of a situation, to a constant necessity to select between alternatives, different ways to proceed. <b>A human being must essentially always fight on sideways.</b> In front of him there is always a sea of alternatives, he can behave this or that way. A sound scepsis is always a good tool of of reason. This defends him from hasty decisions, from unfounded action. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="27"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 27 </center></b> </font> C<0=87< =5 ?@85<;5B :@09=>AB59 @0F8>=0;87<0 8 8@@0F8>=0;87<0. <p> 0F8>=0;87< A:;>=5= 01A>;NB878@>20BL ?>@O4>:; 4;O =53> ?>@O4>: <>65B 1KBL 2KH5 G5;>25:0. @@0F8>=0;87<, =0?@>B82,  2 D>@<5 <8AB8:8, ?>;C<8AB8:8, ;N128 : ?0@0=>@<0;L=><C 8 0=>@<0;L=><C  A:;>=5= : 0=0@E88, ?@5=51@568B5;L=> >B=>A8BAO : ?>@O4:C, 8, 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5, : F5==>ABO< =>@<0;L=>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8. <p>  ?@5=51@565=85 @07C<><, 8 >@85=B0F8O B>;L:> =0 @07C< =5G5;>25G=K, 0 B> 8 15AG5;>25G=K. <p> <font size=+2> Humanism does not reach for extremes of rationalism and irrationalism. <p>Rationalism is bound to absolutize order; for it good order can be more important than a human being. Irrationalism, on the contrary, - in the form of mysticism, semmimysticism, love of paranormality and anomaly is bound to lead to anarchy, detestingly relates to order, and in the final account to normal human life. <p>Detesting of reason and orientation solely to reason are inhuman, even nonhuman. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="28"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 28 </center></b> </font> <b> '5;>25:>;N185  MB> ;N1>2L : G5;>25:C :0: B0:>2><C, :0: 682><C ACI5AB2C</b>. => ?@54?>;0305B 8 ;N1>2L : A515, 8 ;N1>2L : 1;86=8< 8 40;L=8<, B.5. : ?>4>1=K< A515, :> 2A5<C G5;>25G5AB2C. <p> '5;>25:>;N185 =5 8A:;NG05B 2 >B45;L=KE A;CG0OE =5?@8O7=5==>3> >B=>H5=8O : :>=:@5B=><C G5;>25:C. > 2 ;N1>< A;CG05 G5;>25:>;N182K9 G5;>25: =5 7=05B =5=028AB8, ?@57@5=8O, ?@5=51@565=8O : ;N4O<. ;O =53> 4C@=> ?>ABC?0NI89 G5;>25: A:>@55 4>AB>8= 60;>AB8, G5< =5=028AB8, ?@57@5=8O. <p><font size=+2> <b> Human love and charity is affinity to human as it is, as living creature</b>. It presupposes also love to oneself, to the nearest, to those far away, to the alike, to the whole mankind. <p>Human love does not exclude in certain cases unaffected relationships to concrete human beings. But in any case loving human being does not feel hatred, disdain, detest towards people. For him a person with bad behaviour sooner arouses pity than hatred, disdain. <p> </font> <a href="#comment-28-29">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="29"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 29 </center></b> </font> <b> ;02=>5 2 3C<0=87<5  =5 701>B0 > G5;>25:5, =5 ;N1>2L : G5;>25:C, 0 C2065=85 : G5;>25:C.</b> 01>B0  MB> C65 4@C3>5... 01>BOBAO @>48B5;8 > 45BOE, 74>@>2K5 > 1>;L=KE, A8;L=K5 > A;01KE. 01>B0 <>65B 1KBL >A:>@18B5;L=0 8 4065 2@54=0. <p> <font size=+2> <b>Main thing in humanism is not caretaking of human being, not love of human being, but respect for human being.</b> Caretaking is something else... Parents take care of their children, healthy people of the sick, strong of the weak. Taking care can be annoying, even harmful. </font><p> Comments <a href="#comment-28-29">28-29</a> o <a href="#comment-29">29</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="30"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 30 </center></b> </font> !;8H:>< 1>;5BL 70 4@C38E ;N459 B0:65 2@54=>, :0: 8 >B=>A8BLAO 15AAB@0AB=>-@02=>4CH=>-F8=8G=> : 8E 1>;O<-=5AG0ABLO<. > 2A5< =C6=0 <5@0, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 2 MB>< A>AB@040=88. 5C<5@5==>5 A>AB@040=85 : >4=8< ;N4O< >1KG=> A>?@>2>6405BAO =5C<5@5==>9 =5=028ABLN-2@064>9 : 4@C38<, 682CI8< >B=>A8B5;L=> 1;03>?>;CG=>9 687=LN.  G5<C ?@82>48B B0:>5 >B=>H5=85 : ;N4O<  <K 7=05<. <p> @><5 B>3>, B@52>6=> =0AB@>5==K5, <=8B5;L=K5 ;N48, 0;0@<8ABK >45@68<K ?>@>9 84559-<0=859 A?0A5=8O  A51O 8 4@C38E, 2A53> G5;>25G5AB20. <p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b>(8@>:89 ?CBL 687=8 =5A>2<5AB8< A C7:>9 84559 A?0A5=8O.</b> <p> > <>5<C <=5=8N, =8:>3> =5 =04> A?0A0BL. @028;L=> A:070; >48= C<=K9 G5;>25:: ?>:0 =0A A?0A0NB  1C45< ?>3810BL. <b>!?0A8B5;8 G5;>25G5AB20  A0<K5 >?0A=K5 ;N48.</b> <p> A;8 :>3>-B> 459AB28B5;L=> =04> A?0A0BL, B> MB> >G5=L ?;>E>. -B> 7=0G8B, GB> A?0A05<K9 ?>?0; 2 G@572KG09=K5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 8 A0< C65 =5 A?>A>15= 2K@20BLAO 87 8E ;0?. <p> <font size=+2> Excessively participating to other people's lives may be harmful, as also passionless, indifferent, cynic feeling towards people's pains and unluck. Moderateness is needed in everything, so is in sympahy. A heedless sympathy towards certain people is usually followed by heedless hatred and hate towards other people, living relatively better life. To what this kind of relationships lead - we know. <p>Except of that there are uneasily minded, suspicious people, overfiery, heedless people, people with manic salvation ideas for themselves and other people, whole mankind. <p>Magnifying relationship to salvation can nothing bring forth than harm. But on the opposite side of salvation is the conception of extraordinarity, of the idea that people are either living unnormally, defying death or other perilous danger. Of course, special (unnormal) occasions from time to time occur in the life. But they are relatively seldom. Of this witness all experience of mankaind. Centuries and millenniums go, from time to time different kind of saviours appear, but people live, and are living more or less normal life. More than that they are developing, breeding, increasing in numbers, improving theis lives, perfectioning themselves. Thus whom save the saviours?! Normal people, enjoying their time these saviours cannot live in constant tension and all time waiting the miracle of salvation. Only a few of them, the fanatics of salvation, from time to time upset society with their noisy shrieking. <p>The wide way of life is not conform with the idea of salvation.</b> <p>In my opinion nobody needs salvation. A wise man said well: when we are salved we will die. <b>The saviors of the mankind are the most dangerous people.</b> <p>If somebody must be saved, the situation is very bad. This means tha the person to be saved got into very special situation and is not able to get rid of it. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="31"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 31 </center></b> </font> 5;L7O >AG0AB;828BL G5;>25:0, 5A;8 >= A0< MB>3> =5 E>G5B 8;8 =5 ?>=8<05B. <b>!B@5<;5=85 A45;0BL 4@C38E ;N459 AG0AB;82K<8  >?0A=0O CB>?8O.</b> <p> <font size=+2> A human being must not be rendered happy, if he does not want or understand it. <b>Trying to make other people happy is dangerous utopy.</b> </font><p> <a href="#comment-31">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="32"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 32 </center></b> </font> ;03>@>4AB2>  2KA>:0O AB5?5=L A0<>C2065=8O, A>G5B0NI0OAO A B0:>9 65 2KA>:>9 AB5?5=LN C2065=8O 4@C38E, 2A5E ;N459, @0728B>5 GC2AB2> G5;>25G5A:>3> 4>AB>8=AB20, 4>AB>8=AB20 A51O 8 4@C38E. ;03>@>4AB2>  MB> 25;8:>4CH85 : ?>25@65==K<, A>GC2AB285 : A;01K<, C=865==K< 8 >A:>@1;5==K<. <p> ;03>@>4=K9 G5;>25:  =5 ?@>AB> ?>@O4>G=K9, 0 <b>2KA>:>?>@O4>G=K9, 2KA>:>=@02AB25==K9 G5;>25:, A @0728BK< C<><, A>25ABLN 8 G5ABLN</b>. = >@30=8G5A:8 =5 A?>A>15= A>25@H0BL 7;K5 ?>ABC?:8, 7;>@04AB2>20BL, 1KBL F8=8G=K<. <p> @>B82>?>;>6=>ABL 1;03>@>4AB20  =87>ABL. 87:89 G5;>25: A?>A>15= =0 2AO:CN 304>ABL 8 ?>4;>ABL. <p> <font size=+2> Nobility is a high level respect, which is created by equally high level respect of others, all people, a developed feeling of human dignity, dignity of oneself and of others. Nobility is broadmindedness towards prostrate, sympathy towards weak, repressed and offended. <p>A noble human being is not only orderly, <b>but also with developed brain, conscience and honour.</b> He is organicly not inclined to commit bad action, misbehaviour or mean tricks or cynical behaviour. <p>The opposite of nobleness is lowness. Low person is inclined to misbehave and commit low tricks. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="33"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 33 </center></b> </font> ;O 3C<0=8AB0 >@85=B8@>< <>@0;L=>3> 8, A>>B25BAB25==>, ?@02>2>3> ?>2545=8O O2;O5BAO 7>;>B>5 ?@028;>.  >B@8F0B5;L=>9 D>@<5 >=> 3;0A8B: <p><b>=5 45;09 4@C38< B>3>, G53> =5 E>B5; 1K, GB>1K 45;0;8 B515</b>. <p> ?>;>68B5;L=>9: <p><b>?>ABC?09 A 4@C38<8 B0:, :0: E>B5; 1K, GB>1K ?>ABC?0;8 A B>1>9</b>. <p> A2>59 >B@8F0B5;L=>9 D>@<5 >=> CAB0=02;8205B <8=8<0;L=> =87:CN ?;0=:C <>@0;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O G5;>25:0 : 4@C38< ;N4O<, 70?@5I05B 45;0BL 7;>, 8=K<8 A;>20<8, CAB0=02;8205B <b><8=8<C< =@02AB25==KE B@51>20=89 : ?>2545=8N G5;>25:0</b>. <p> A2>59 ?>;>68B5;L=>9 D>@<5 >=> CAB0=02;8205B <0:A8<0;L=> 2KA>:CN ?;0=:C <>@0;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O G5;>25:0 : 4@C38< ;N4O<, ?>1C6405B : 4>1@C, 4>1@>45O=8N, 8=K<8 A;>20<8, >?@545;O5B <b><0:A8<C< =@02AB25==KE B@51>20=89 : ?>2545=8N G5;>25:0</b>. <p><b>>;>B>5 ?@028;> ?>2545=8O  3;02=K9 ?@8=F8? G5;>25G5A:>3> >1I568B8O, >A=>20 G5;>25G=>AB8, >A=>20 <>@0;8 8 ?@020.</b> <p> <font size=+2> For a humanist as orientation in moral, and correspondingly judicial behaviour, seves the golden rule of behaviour. In negative formulation it sounds: <p><b>Do not do others something which you would not like that they do to you.</b> <p>In positive formulation it sounds: <p><b>behave with others in the way you would like that they behave with you.</b> <p>In its negative formulation the rule establishes the minimum bottom of moral relations between people, prevents to bad deeds, in other words, establishes <b>minimum moral requirements for the behaviour of man.</b> <p>In its positive formulation the rule establishes the maximum level of moral behaviour towards other people, rules goodness, beneficiency, in other words: defines <b>maximum level of moral requirements for behaviour of man.</b> <p>The golden rule of behaviour is the main principle of human coexistence, foundation of humanness, ground for moral and justice. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="34"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 34 </center></b> </font> ! B>G:8 7@5=8O 3C<0=87<0 ?@02>  MB> 2708<>4>?CI5=85 8 2708<>>3@0=8G5=85 A2>1>4K. 7 2708<>4>?CI5=8O A2>1>4K 2KB5:0NB @07=>>1@07=K5 ?@020 G5;>25:0. 7 2708<>>3@0=8G5=8O A2>1>4K 2KB5:0NB =5 <5=55 @07=>>1@07=K5 >1O70==>AB8 G5;>25:0. <p> <font size=+2> From the standpoint of humanism the justice is the mutual allowance and mutual limitation of freedom. Of the mutual allowance of freedom come out the various human rights. From the mutual limitation of freedom come out not less versatile obligations of man. </font><p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="35"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 35 </center></b> </font> !CI5AB2CNB 425 :@09=>AB8 2 ?>=8<0=88 ?@8@>4K G5;>25G5A:8E >B=>H5=89. <p> 4=8 D8;>A>DK 01A>;NB878@CNB 87=0G0;L=> 2@06451=K9 E0@0:B5@ <56G5;>25G5A:8E >B=>H5=89. -B0 B>G:0 7@5=8O ?@54AB02;5=0 2 8725AB=>< 4@52=5@8<A:>< 2K@065=88  G5;>25: G5;>25:C  2>;: 8 2 =5 <5=55 8725AB=>< 2K@065=88 ". >11A0  2>9=0 2A5E ?@>B82 2A5E (A<. :><<5=B0@89). <p> @C385 D8;>A>DK 01A>;NB878@CNB 2708<=CN ;N1>2L-?@8O7=L ;N459. -B0 01A>;NB870F8O ?@>O2;O5BAO ?@5645 2A53> 2 ?@>?>2548 2A5>1I59 ;N128. 081>;55 O@:> ?>4>1=0O B>G:0 7@5=8O >B@065=0 2 <b>181;59A:>9 70?>2548  2>7;N18 1;86=53> A2>53> :0: A0<>3> A51O </b>. 0;55, >=0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 8455 2A5>1I53> 1@0BAB20 (2A?><=8< ;>7C=3 D@0=FC7A:>9 @52>;NF88: <b> A2>1>40, @025=AB2>, 1@0BAB2>! </b>). 5<5F:89 D8;>A>D . $595@10E 8 @CAA:89 ?8A0B5;L . ">;AB>9 ?@>?>254>20;8 2A5>1ICN ;N1>2L. <p> @54AB028B5;8 ?5@2>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O  MB> F8=8:8-?@03<0B8:8, :>B>@K5 AG8B0NB =5@025=AB2> ;N459 5AB5AB25==K< CA;>285< 8E A>2<5AB=>9 687=8, >?@024K20NB 53>, 70I8I0NB 8 4065 >A2OI0NB. <p> @54AB028B5;8 2B>@>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O  MB> <5GB0B5;8-@><0=B8:8-CB>?8ABK, :>B>@K5 AG8B0NB =5@025=AB2> ;N459 157CA;>2=K< 7;>< 8 2K42830NB, ?>445@6820NB, >A2OI0NB ;>7C=3 @025=AB20. <p>  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 =8 B>, =8 4@C3>5 2 01A>;NB=>< 20@80=B5 =5 ACI5AB2C5B 8 =5@50;87C5<>.  G5;>25G5A:>< >1I5AB25 >48=0:>2> ?@54AB02;5=K M;5<5=BK B>3> 8 4@C3>3> B8?0 <56G5;>25G5A:8E >B=>H5=89: 8 4@C610 8 2@0640, 8 ;N1>2L 8 =5=028ABL, 8 @025=AB2> 8 =5@025=AB2>. <p> A5>1I55 @025=AB2>, 5A;8 8 2>7<>6=>, B> B>;L:> :0: @025=AB2> 2 154=>AB8. <p> <font size=+2> There are two extremes in understanding of the nature of human attitudes. <p> Some philosophers see in absolute terms initially hostile character of interhuman relationships. This point of view is presented in known ancient Roman expression «one man is wolf for another man» and in T.Gobbs's not less known expression «war of all against all». <p> Other philosophers absolutize mutual love attachment of people. This absolutization is shown first of all in the sermon of universal love. Most brightly the similar point of view is reflected in a bible precept «to love one's neighbor». Further, it is shown in idea of universal brotherhood (we shall recall the slogan of the French revolution: «freedom, equality, a brotherhood!»). German philosopher L.Fejerbah and Russian writer L.Tolstoj preached universal love. <p> Representatives of the first point of view are cynics-pragmatists who consider an inequality of people as a natural condition of their joint life, justify it, protect and even consecrate. <p> Representatives of the second point of view are dreamers-romanticisms-utopians who consider an inequality of people as a unconditional harm and put forward, support, consecrate the slogan of equality. <p> Actually neither first, nor second in an absolute variant does not exist and =5@50;87C5<>. In a human society elements of that and other type of interhuman relationships are equally presented: both friendship and enmity, both love and hatred, both equality and an inequality. <p> Universal equality even if it is possible than only as equality in poverty. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Ibragimov M.V.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#comment-35">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="36"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 36 </center></b> </font> <b> ;O 3C<0=8AB0 =5?@85<;5<> :0:>5-B> >4=> ?>=8<0=85 A?@0254;82>AB8.</b> ABL A?@0254;82>ABL, ?>@>6405<0O @07;8G85< ;N459 (?> ?@>8AE>645=8N, CA;>28O< 687=8 8 A?>A>1=>ABO<-45;0<).  5ABL A?@0254;82>ABL, ?>@>6405<0O AE>4AB2>< ;N459 (?@8@>4=K< @025=AB2><, @025=AB2>< :0: ?@54AB028B5;59 @>40 homo sapiens, :0: 3@0640= 3>AC40@AB20, :0: AK=>2 >B5G5AB20 8 B.?.). 1A>;NB870F8O >4=>3> 87 MB8E 284>2 A?@0254;82>AB8 ?@82>48B : >1I59 =5A?@0254;82>AB8. <p> <font size=+2> Any one understanding of validity is unacceptable for the humanist. There is a validity generated by distinction of people (by origin, to conditions of a life and abilities-affairs). Also there is a validity generated by similarity of people (natural equality, equality as representatives of sort Homo sapiens, as citizens of the state, as sons of fatherland, etc.). Absolutization of one of these kinds of validity leads to the general injustice. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Ibragimov M.V.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="37"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 37 </center></b> </font> C45< >B:@>25==K: <b>3C<0=87< ?@>B82>@5G82 2 A2>59 >A=>25</b>. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >= 2KABC?05B 70 @025=AB2> 2A5E, B.5. A 53> B>G:8 7@5=8O 2A5 ;N48  G5;>25:8. ! 4@C3>9, >= ?@54>AB02;O5B :064><C ?@02> 1KBL ;CGH8<, 1KBL '5;>25:>< A 1>;LH>9 1C:2K. </font> <p> <font size=+2> We shall be frank: the humanism is contradictory in its basis. On the one hand, it supports equality of everything, i.e. from its point of view all people  the persons. On the other hand, it gives to everyone the right to be to the best, to be the Person from the capital letter. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Ibragimov M.V.) </p> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="38"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 38 </center></b> </font> 0:>= 687=8: <b>5A;8 E>G5HL 68BL ;CGH5, B> 4>;65= 8 1KBL ;CGH5.</b> <p> <font size=+2> Law of life: <b>if you want to live better, you should also be better.</b> </font> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="39"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 39 </center></b> </font> 450; 2K@0605B AB@5<;5=85 G5;>25:0 2 A>25@H5=AB2C 8 A>25@H5==><C. >A:>;L:C A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 15A?@545;L=>, ?>AB>;L:C 8 8450; :065BAO =54>AB868<K<. "5< =5 <5=55 <b>G5;>25:, =5 >AB0=02;820NI89AO =0 4>AB83=CB><, 2A5340 AB@5<8BAO : 8450;C</b>. <p> <font size=+2> The ideal expresses aspiration of the person to perfection. Because of the fact that perfection is endless, the ideal seems unachievable. Nevertheless the person, who does not stop on the object he secured, always aspires to an ideal. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translate by Papelkova N.) </p> <p> </font> <a href="#comment-39">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="40"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 40 </center></b> </font> '5;>25: B>;L:> B>340 4>AB8305B G53> ;81>, :>340 >= >:07K205BAO A8;L=55 >1AB>OB5;LAB2. <p> <font size=+2> The person achieves something only when he founds himself more strongly than circumstances. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translate by Papelkova N.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#comment-40">Comments</a> o <a <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="41"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 41 </center></b> </font> 87=L G5;>25:0 A2OI5==0. AO:89 ?>:CH0NI89AO =0 =5Q 4>;65= 7=0BL: C1820NI89 4@C38E ;N459  C18205B A51O. <p> <font size=+2> Human life is sacred. Everyone who wants to attempt to it should know, that the person, killing other people,  kills himself. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Papelkova N.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="42"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 42 </center></b> </font> 4CI89 =0 C189AB2> =5 ?@>AG8BK205B 2A5 ?>A;54AB28O A2>53> H030. = ?>ABC?05B 3;C?>, =540;L=>284=>, ?>A:>;L:C >1@5:05B A51O =0 ?>AB>O==K9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:89-<>@0;L=K9 48A:><D>@B 4> :>=F0 687=8. = 4>;65= ?>=8<0BL, GB> >= =5 B>;L:> 8=48284CC<, => 8 ?@54AB028B5;L @>40 G5;>25G5A:>3>.  =5< >1I5G5;>25G5A:>3> =5 <5=LH5, G5< AC3C1> ;8G=>AB=>3>, 8=48284C0;L=>3>. #1820O 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, >= C18205B 2 A515 '5;>25:0. 064K9 G5;>25:  MB> F5;K9 <8@. 8H0O 687=8 :>3>-;81> C189F0 >154=O5B G5;>25G5A:89 <8@, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 A51O. CABL >= ?>4C<05B =04 B5<, GB> 5A;8 >= C18205B <C6G8=C, B>, 2>7<>6=>, C18205B >BF0 A2>53> 1C4CI53> 7OBO, 4540 A2>8E 2=C:>2 8 B.4. 8 B.?. A;8 >= C18205B 65=I8=C, B> C18205B 5I5 =5 @>482H8EAO 45B59... <p> <font size=+2> Going on murder does not realize all consequences of his step. He acts silly; short-sighted as dooms himself to constant psychological-moral discomfort up to the end of his life. He should understand that he is not only an individual, but also the representative of the human race. Killing other person, he kills the Person inside himself. Each person is the whole world. Depriving someone of his life the murderer impoverishes the human world, including him. He should think that when he kills the man, he, probably, kills the father of his future son-in-law, the grandfather of his grandsons, etc., etc. If he kills woman he kills children who have not been born yet... </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Ibragimov M.V.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="43"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 43 </center></b> </font> 5H0O A2>8 ?@>1;5<K A ?><>ILN C189AB20 G5;>25: ?>ABC?05B =5 ?@>AB> 3;C?>, 0 ?@8<8B82=>, =5 :0: @07C<=>5 ACI5AB2>, 0 :0: 1574CH=0O @07@CH8B5;L=0O AB8E8O, :>B>@0O =5 25405B, GB> B2>@8B. 0209B5 2725A8< =0 G0H0E 25A>2 25AL 687=5==K9 ?CBL C18205<>3> (>B CB@>1K <0B5@8 G5@57 @>645=85, :>@<;5=85, 2>A?8B0=85, >1CG5=85, >1@07>20=85 : 25AL<0 A;>6=>9  27@>A;>9, ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9, B2>@G5A:>9  687=8) 8 <><5=B0;L=>5 C=8GB>65=85 2<5AB5 A 53> A?>A>1=>ABO<8, B0;0=B0<8, C<5=8O<8, ;N1>2LN 1;87:8E 8 B.4., 8 B.?. 5A>87<5@8<K MB8 425 G0H8 25A>2. 0 >4=>9 G0H5: 4;8B5;L=>5 2>AE>645=85 : 25@H8=0< 687=8. 0 4@C3>9: ?>GB8 <3=>25==>5 8AG57=>25=85. 0: B@C4=> 2K@0AB8BL G5;>25:0 8 :0: ;53:> 53> C18BL! 1 MB>< ?>B5=F80;L=K5 70:07G8:8 C189AB2 8 C189FK 4>;6=K ?><=8BL. 5 <K 40;8 G5;>25:C 687=L 8 =5 =0< 55 7018@0BL C =53>! <p> <font size=+2> Solving the problems with the help of murder the person acts not simply silly, but primitive, not as a reasonable essence, but as callous destructive element! Which does not know, what it does. Let's compare all life path of killed person (from a womb of mother through a birth, feeding, education, training, formation to rather complex adult, professional, creative life) and instant destruction together with its abilities, talents, skills, love of relatives, etc. It is incommensurable. On one bowl: a long ascent to tops of a life. On another: almost instant disappearance. How it is difficult to grow up the person and how easy is to kill it! Potential customers of murders and murderers should remember it. Not we have given the person a life and we can t take it away! </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Ibragimov M.V.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="44"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 44 </center></b> </font> <b>!<5@B=0O :07=L =5A>2<5AB8<0 A ?@8=F8?0<8 3C<0=87<0.</b> =0 4>;6=0 1KBL >B<5=5=0 @07 8 =02A5340! 07=L ?> ?@83>2>@C AC40  C189AB2>, :0:8<8 1K A;>20<8 > ?@02>AC488 >=0 =8 ?@8:@K20;>AL. <p> <font size=+2> The death penalty is incompatible with the principles of humanism. It must be cancelled once and for all! Execution on a verdict of court is a murder except any words about justice that execution is covered. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by A. Kasakova) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#comment-44">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="45"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 45 </center></b> </font>  MAB0D5B5 @>4>2>9 687=8 G5;>25: 4>;65= AB@5<8BLAO : B><C, GB>1K D0:5; 53> 687=8 =5 C30A ?@5645, G5< >= ?5@540AB >3>=L 4@C38< ;N4O<, 4@C38< ?>:>;5=8O<. <p> <font size=+2> In relay race of a patrimonial life the person should aspire to that the torch of its life has not died away before it will transfer fire to other people, other generations. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Ibragimov M.V.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#comment-45">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="46"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 46 </center></b> </font> <b>!<KA; G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8  2 ;N128 8 B2>@G5AB25.</b> N1>2L 45;05B 687=L 30@<>=8G=>9. "2>@G5AB2> >15A?5G8205B ?@>3@5AA 687=8. <p> <font size=+2> The Sense of humans' life is in love and creativity. The love makes our harmonious. Creativity provides progress of a life. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Papelkova N.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#comment-46">Comments</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a name="47"> <font size=+3> <b><center> 47 </center></b> </font> @825@65=5F 3C<0=8AB8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88 =5 =07K205B A51O 3C<0=8AB><. =  <b>D8;>3C<0=8AB, B.5. G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 AB@5<8BAO 1KBL 3C<0=8AB><, 4;O :>B>@>3> 3C<0=87<  687=5==0O ?>78F8O</b>, 0 =5 720=85 8;8 <>@0;L=>5 :0G5AB2>. <p> <font size=+2> The adherent of humanistic philosophy does not call himself the humanist. He is philohumanist, i.e. the person who aspires to be the humanist, for whom humanism is a vital position, instead of dignity or moral quality. </font> <p align="RIGHT"> <font size="-2"> (Translated by Kasakova A.) </font> </p> <p> <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a></td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name=" -1">   1 </center></b> </font> <font size=+2> <b><center> Comments </center></b> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-1"> B578AC <a href="#1">1</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> "578A >1JOA=O5B, ?>G5<C 40==K9 4>:C<5=B =07K205BAO <0=8D5AB><. / 2KABC?0N 70 3C<0=87< 8 AG8B0N, GB> 8<5==> ?>4 53> D;03>< <>6=> 42830BLAO 2?5@54, : 2KA>B0< G5;>25G5A:>3> 4CE0 8 687=8 :0: B0:>2>9. <p> >>1I5-B> O =5 ;N1;N ?0D>A=KE A;>2 8, B5< 1>;55, 2AO:8E ?@87K2>2. %>@>H> ?><=N A;>20 ;5:A0=4@0 0;8G0: <p> 5 1>9B5AL ?5:;0 8 040, <br>  1>9B5AL B>;L:> B>3>, <br> B> A:065B 0< :0: =04>. <p> <b> / =5 CGC 687=8 8 ?>AB0@0;AO =5 ?@>AB> CB25@640BL, 0 0@3C<5=B8@>20BL. </b> <p> <a href="#1">"578A 1</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-4">  B578AC <a href="#4">4</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> ! B>G:8 7@5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 =0C:8 G5;>25:  ?@54AB028B5;L @>40 homo sapiens, 70=8<05B 2KAHCN ABC?5=L 2 M2>;NF8>==>9 ;5AB=8F5 682>9 ?@8@>4K. 8>;>38 @0AA<0B@820NB G5;>25:0 :0: 682>5 ACI5AB2>, =081>;55 2KA>:>>@30=87>20==>5 8 @0728B>5 A@548 682KE ACI5AB2 =0 5<;5. <p>  A0<>< 45;5, G5;>25:  682>B=>5 8 =8G53> ?;>E>3> 2 MB>< =5B. 04> =0<, =0:>=5F, ?5@5AB0BL B@5B8@>20BL 682>B=>ABL 2 A515 8 =5 ?>402;OBL 55, 0 @07C<=> C?@02;OBL 5N 8 4065 @072820BL, :C;LB828@>20BL. $8;>A>D8O 0=B8682>B=>AB8  0=B8G5;>25G5A:0O, 0=B83C<0==0O D8;>A>D8O. <p>  A>60;5=8N, 2 =0H59 @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@5 MB0 D8;>A>D8O 0=B8682>B=>AB8 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O @0A?@>AB@0=O;0AL :0: 70@070. N 1K;8 ?>@065=K 284=59H85 ?@54AB028B5;8 @CAA:>9 :C;LBC@K, B0:85 :0: . . ">;AB>9, . !. !>;>2L52.  ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=88 G5;>25:0 682>B=K<, 2 53> 2>725;8G820=88 ?5@54 682>B=K<8 O CA<0B@820N >?@545;5==CN 8450;8AB8G5A:CN (=5@50;8AB8G5A:CN) B5=45=F8N. ">;AB>9 3>2>@8;, =0?@8<5@, 2 C=8G868B5;L=>< A<KA;5 >  682>B=>9 ;8G=>AB8 2 G5;>25:5. 564C B5< <K =5 B0: C6 40;5:8 >B =0H8E 1@0BL52 <5=LH8E. 8;;80@4K ;5B @072820;0AL 8 A>25@H5=AB2>20;0AL 6820O ?@8@>40. '5;>25: A> A2>59 4CE>2=>ABLN @0728205BAO :0:8E-B> =5A:>;L:8E A>B BKAOG ;5B. K;> 1K 1>;LH8< A0<><=5=85< AG8B0BL, GB> 2A5, G5< >1;0405B G5;>25:, >= ?@8>1@5; 2 MB8 =5A:>;L:> A>B BKAOG ;5B. <p> >=5G=>, G5;>25:  =5 B>;L:> 682>B=>5. 0 2@5<O A2>53> AB0=>2;5=8O >= =0@0AB8; 2 A515 3830=BA:89 :C;LBC@=K9 A;>9.  MB>< A<KA;5 53> <>6=> >E0@0:B5@87>20BL :0: :C;LBC@=>5 682>B=>5. C;LBC@0  MB>, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, B>, G5< >B;8G05BAO G5;>25: >B 682>B=KE, 0, A 4@C3>9, B>, GB> O2;O5BAO ?@>4>;65=85<-CA>25@H5=AB2>20=85< 682>3>-682>B=>3> 2 G5;>25:5. ". 5. G5;>25: 8 >BB0;:8205BAO >B 682>B=KE, 8 ?@>4>;605B 8E. "0:>20 53> ACI=>ABL. <p> =0<5=0B5;L=>, GB> >4=8 D8;>A>DK, ?8A0B5;8 ?@87K20;8  0704 : ?@8@>45! , 0 4@C385 720;8  ?5@54, : 2KA>B0< CE0! . AB8=0, :0: 2A5340, 345-B> ?>A5@548=5. -B8 2708<>8A:;NG0NI85 ?@87K2K >B@060NB ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 B5=45=F88 2 AB0=>2;5=88 G5;>25:0. <p> <a href="#4">"578A 4</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-6">  B578AC <a href="#6">6</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> #=860BL 4>AB>8=AB2> 4@C38E <>6=> ?>-@07=><C. $8;>A>DK 8 ?8A0B5;8 ?>@>9 MB> 45;0NB ?>GB8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>, =5 >B4020O A515 2 MB>< >BG5B. >B ?@8<5@: 8E08; 5;;5@ 2 :=835 "AQ > 687=8" ?8H5B: « ?@8=F8?5 ;N10O F5@:>2L 8 ;N10O @5;838O ACI5AB2CNB 4;O AB040, B>;?K, =5 A?>A>1=>9 : A0<>AB>OB5;L=><C <KH;5=8N 8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 25@5. >B@51=>ABL 2 25@5 5ABL, 0 >D>@<8BL A0<>AB>OB5;L=> 5Q B@C4=>, >A>7=0BL A0<>AB>OB5;L=> GB> : G5<C  <>73>2 =5 E20B05B.  2>B B515, <8;>:, 8 3>B>2K5 >1JOA=5=8O 8 ?@54?8A0=8O =0 2A5 A;CG08 687=8. 0? B;8G=>! CE ?>4:@5?;Q=, >B25BK =0 2>?@>AK > <8@>CAB@>9AB25 ?>;CG5=K, ?>B@51=>ABL 2 =5A>3;0A88 A> <=>38<8 <><5=B0<8 MB>3> <8@0 C4>2;5B2>@5=0, 8 70 2A5< MB8< 24>102>: AB>OB 02B>@8B5B=K5 ;N48 8 25:>2K5 A2OBK=8. 548B5 <5=O : :@5I5=8N, ?@8G0AB8N, <>;8B25, >1@570=8N, 1C45< G8B0BL ">@C, 20=35;85, #?0=8H04K, 0> &7K  :>@>G5, ?@8A?>A>1LB5 <5=O 2 :0:CN-=81C4L ;04LN, 0 B> O 1>;B0NAL ?>4 25B@0<8 <8@0, :0: F25B>: 2 ?@>@C18, 8 :0:-B> <=5 =5=0456=>, >48=>:> 8 15A?>:>9=>. 8@ B515, 1@0B 2> <8@C.» <p> >B B0:, =5<=>38<8 A;>20<8 . 5;;5@ >A:>@18;-C=878; 1>;LHCN G0ABL G5;>25G5AB20. 54L 1>;LH8=AB2> ;N459 =0 5<;5  25@CNI85 (2 8ACA0, ;;0E0, C44C 8 B. 4.). =8, MB> 1>;LH8=AB2>, 7=0G8B,  AB04>, B>;?0, =5 A?>A>1=0O : A0<>AB>OB5;L=><C <KH;5=8N 8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 25@5. <p> !<. B0:65 :><<5=B0@89 : B578A0< <a href="#comment-28-29">28</a> 8 <a href="#comment-29">29</a>. <p> <a href="#6">"578A 6</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-8">  B578AC <a href="#8">8</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> -B>B B578A =5 =>2. 5GB> ?>4>1=>5 3>2>@8;8 8 @0=LH5, =0?@8<5@, . >@L:89. >B A<KA; >4=>3> 87 53> 2KA:07K20=89: ">2>@8B5 G5;>25:C > B>< E>@>H5<, GB> 2 =5< 5ABL, 8 >= AB0=5B ;CGH5". <p> >4>1=CN <KA;L 2KA:07K20; =5<5F:89 D8;>A>D (5;;8=3: «09B5 G5;>25:C A>7=0=85 B>3>, :0:>2 >= 5ABL, 8 >= 1KAB@> AB0=5B B0:8<, :0:8< >= 4>;65= 1KBL; 2=CH8B5 5<C 2 B5>@88 C2065=85 : A0<><C A515, 8 >=> 1KAB@> >ACI5AB28BAO =0 ?@0:B8:5.» (A<.: . C;K30. 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"/ A>18@0NAL AB0BL 40<>9",  A>>1I8;0 >=0 8 ?>1;03>40@8;0 <5=O. 57=0G8B5;L=0O D@070 87<5=8;0 2AN 55 687=L". <p> >@65B 51;0= A>740;0 0@8-?>AC4><>9:5 @5?CB0F8N, :>B>@CN B0 ?>AB028;0 A515 F5;LN >?@0240BL 8 :>B>@0O ?@5>1@078;0 55... <p> >GB8 :064K9  1>30G, 154=O:, =8I89, 2>@  ?@8;0305B 2A5 CA8;8O : B><C, GB>1K ?>445@60BL BC @5?CB0F8N G5AB=>3> G5;>25:0, :0:>9 53> C4>AB0820NB. <p> «A;8 20< ?@8E>48BAO 8<5BL 45;> A <>H5==8:><,  3>2>@8B =0G0;L=8: BN@L<K !8=3-!8=3 >CMA (0 :><C, :0: =5 5<C, 7=0BL ?@54<5B, > :>B>@>< >= 3>2>@8B),  B> ACI5AB2C5B B>;L:> >48= 2>7<>6=K9 ?CBL 8A?@028BL 53>, 0 8<5==>: >1@0I0BLAO A =8< B0:, A;>2=> >= O2;O5BAO ?>GB5==K< 465=B5;L<5=><. !G8B09B5 A0<> A>1>9 @07C<5NI8<AO, GB> >= G5AB=K9 G5;>25:. = 1C45B =0AB>;L:> ?>;LI5= B0:8< >1@0I5=85<, GB> >B:;8:=5BAO =0 =53> 8 1C45B 3>@48BLAO B5<, GB> 5<C :B>-B> 25@8B». (& ) <p> B0:, 5A;8 2K E>B8B5 2>7459AB2>20BL =0 ;N459, =5 >A:>@1;OO 8E 8 =5 2K7K20O C =8E GC2AB20 >184K, A>1;N409B5 ?@028;> A54L<>5: <p> !>740209B5 ;N4O< E>@>HCN @5?CB0F8N, :>B>@CN >=8 1C4CB AB0@0BLAO >?@0240BL.» <p> <a href="#8">"578A 8</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-9">  B578AC <a href="#9">9</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> -B>B B578A >A=>20= =0 C15645=88, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> ;N459, ?>402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2>  ;N48 4>1@K5, G5AB=K5, ?>@O4>G=K5, >B25BAB25==K5. B:C40 MB> C15645=85? 0209B5 ?@>0=0;878@C5< @07;8G=K5 B>G:8 7@5=8O =0 ?@8@>4C G5;>25:0. 4=8 AG8B0NB, GB> G5;>25: ?> ?@8@>45 4>1@, 4@C385, GB> >= 7>;, B@5BL8  GB> >= =5 4>1@ 8 =5 7>;. <p> $. 8FH5, =0?@8<5@, E0@0:B5@87>20; G5;>25:0 :0: 7;>5 682>B=>5<a href="#F2">(2)</a>. <p>  CAA> 2  0AAC645=88 > =5@025=AB25 [1754] CB25@640;, GB>  G5;>25: ?> =0BC@5 A2>59 4>1@ 8 B>;L:> >1I5AB2> 45;05B 53> ?;>E8<  0=B8B570 4>:B@8=5 ?5@2>@>4=>3> 3@5E0 8 A?0A5=8O 2 F5@:28. <p> !2>5>1@07=CN ?> ?>78F8N 2 MB>< 2>?@>A5 70=8<0; . 0=B. >B GB> ?8H5B . C;K30: "0=B =0G8=05B A @07<KH;5=89 > =@02AB25==>9 ?@8@>45 G5;>25:0. 4=8 <C4@5FK C15645=K, GB> G5;>25: 157=0456=> ?>3@O7 2> 7;5. =K5 284OB 53> ?> ?@8@>45 4>1@K<, 0 7;K< ;8HL ?>4 2;8O=85< >1AB>OB5;LAB2.  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".21. !.264). <p> A;8 3>2>@8BL > E@8AB80=A:>9 @5;8388, B> >=0 405B =5<0;> ?@8<5@>2 B5>@5B8G5A:>3> 8 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 0=B83C<0=87<0. >B >48= E0@0:B5@=K9 ?@8<5@: 2 7=0<5=8B>< A@54=525:>2>< B@0:B0B5 480:>=0 >B0@O (?>74=55 ?0?K ==>:5=B8O III) " ?@57@5=88 : <8@C 8 =8GB>65AB25 G5;>25:0" 3>2>@8BAO: "&25BK 8 45@52LO ?>@>640NB 0@><0BK 8 ?;>4K, 0 G5;>25:  >B1@>AK 8 =5G8AB>BK". 0?0 ==>:5=B89 III >1JO28; A51O =0<5AB=8:>< 1>30 8 225; 8=:2878F8N 2 1321 3. <p> %@8AB80=AB2> A >4=>9 AB>@>=K AG8B05B G5;>25:0 1>3>?>4>1=K< (A>3;0A=> 81;88 >3 A>740; G5;>25:0 ?> A2>5<C >1@07C 8 ?>4>18N), 0 A 4@C3>9, 87=0G0;L=> 3@5E>2=K< ACI5AB2>< (?5@2K5 ;N48  40< 8 20  70 A2>8 ?@53@5H5=8O 1K;8 2K3=0=K 87 @0O 8 25AL @>4 ;N4A:>9 =5A5B =0 A515 ?5G0BL ?5@2>3> 3@5E>?045=8O). <p> <a href="#15">"578A 15</a> o <a href="#16">"578A 16</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-21">  B578AC <a href="#21">21</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> 1. >G5<C M:>3C<0=87<? 5 <>65B 1KBL G8AB> M:>;>38G5A:>9 ?@>1;5<0B8:8 157 G5;>25:0. -:>;>38O 8 3C<0=87< =5@0745;8<K  :0: 420 <03451C@3A:8E ?>;CH0@8O. 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A>60;5=8N, B0:85 ;N48 (8E 2A5 G0I5 =07K20NB M:>;>38G5A:8<8 0;0@<8AB0<8 8 M:AB@5<8AB0<8) ?>O28;8AL. 0I8B0 8<8 @8@>4K 2K;8205BAO 2 AB@5<;5=85 >AB0=>28BL @>3@5AA 8 4065 2 AB@5<;5=85 25@=CBLAO "0704 : ?@8@>45", 68BL ?@8<8B82=>9 687=LN ?5@2>1KB=>3> G5;>25:0. <p> <a href="#21">"578A 21</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-22">  B578AC <a href="#22">22</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> >340 ?CB0NB 3C<0=87< A 0=B@>?>F5=B@87><, B> 2>7=8:05B A8BC0F8O, ?>4>1=0O B>9, :>B>@CN >?8AK205B >; C@BF:  K=5 <=>385 70I8B=8:8 682>B=KE >AC640NB 3C<0=87<, ?>4>7@520O 53> 2 8A:;NG8B5;L=>< ?@8AB@0AB88 : G5;>25G5A:><C @>4C, B>340 :0:, ?> 8E C15645=8N, B0:>5 65 ?@02> =0 ACI5AB2>20=85 A;54C5B ?@87=020BL 70 2A5<8 D>@<0<8 687=8 =0 ?;0=5B5 (A<.: .C@BF. C65AB2> AB0BL: >1@>45B5;8 3C<0=87<0. 5@. 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(>:0=L ..  8450;0< 3C<0=8B0@=>9 F828;870F88. ., 1997. !. 116.) <p> <a href="#29">"578A 29</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-31">  B578AC <a href="#31">31</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> >6=> ;8 A45;0BL ;N459 AG0AB;82K<8, 0 B5< 1>;55  70AB028BL 8E 1KBL AG0AB;82K<8? <p>  ?@>1;5<5 G5;>25G5A:>3> AG0ABLO 5ABL AB>@>=0, A2O70==0O A <56G5;>25G5A:8<8 >B=>H5=8O<8. 4=> 45;>, :>340 G5;>25: E>G5B 1KBL AG0AB;82K<, AB@5<8BAO : AG0ABLN, A>7405B CA;>28O 4;O MB>3> 8 B. 4. 8 B. ?. @C3>5 45;>, :>340 G5;>25:, =5 4C<0O > A2>5< ;8G=>< AG0ABL5, AB@5<8BAO A45;0BL AG0AB;82K<8 4@C38E, >AG0AB;828BL 4@C38E 8 4065 2AQ G5;>25G5AB2>. . 84@> ?8A0;:  !0<K9 AG0AB;82K9 G5;>25: B>B, :B> 405B AG0ABL5 =081>;LH5<C :>;8G5AB2C ;N459 <a href="#F11">(11)</a>. . 0@:A, ?>2B>@82 84@>:  ... >?KB ?@52>7=>A8B, :0: A0<>3> AG0AB;82>3>, B>3>, :B> ?@8=5A AG0ABL5 =081>;LH5<C :>;8G5AB2C ;N459   @0728; <KA;L:  A;8 <K 871@0;8 ?@>D5AA8N, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>9 <K 1>;LH5 2A53> <>65< B@C48BLAO 4;O G5;>25G5AB20, B> <K =5 A>3=5<AO ?>4 55 1@5<5=5<, ?>B><C GB> MB>  65@B20 2> 8<O 2A5E; B>340 <K 8A?KBK205< =5 60;:CN, >3@0=8G5==CN, M3>8AB8G5A:CN @04>ABL, 0 =0H5 AG0ABL5 1C45B ?@8=04;560BL <8;;8>=0<... <a href="#F12">(12)</a> 848B5, :0: 0@:A AB028B 2>?@>A:  B@C48BLAO 4;O G5;>25G5AB20 ,  65@B20 2> 8<O 2A5E . = =5 B>;L:> 4>?CA:05B A8BC0F8N  ?>65@B2>20BL ;8G=K< AG0ABL5< 2> 8<O AG0ABLO <8;;8>=>2  => 8 ?@>AB> 4065 =5 2848B 8=>3>, =565@B25==>3> 20@80=B0. 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B><C 65 >=0, O C25@5=, >A=>2K205BAO =0 ?>;=>< =5?>=8<0=88 =0H53> <>@0;L=>3> 4>;30. 0H <>@0;L=K9 4>;3 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K ?><>30BL =C640NI8<AO 2 =0H59 ?><>I8, >4=0:> <>@0;L=K9 4>;3 =5 <>65B 70:;NG0BLAO 2 B><, GB>1K 45;0BL 4@C38E AG0AB;82K<8, 254L MB> >B =0A =5 7028A8B, 8 : B><C 65 MB> A;8H:>< G0AB> ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 2<5H0B5;LAB2> 2 G0AB=CN 687=L B5E, : :><C <K 8<55< 4@C65A:CN A:;>==>ABL. <a href="#F13">(13)</a> <p> <b>'C4>28I=K9 CB>?87< .. 5=8=0.</b> 5=8= ?@8=04;568B : G8A;C ;N459, :>B>@KE 402=> C65 >:@5AB8;8  1;03>@>4=K<8 @071>9=8:0<8. 5=8= =5 ?> 7;><C C<KA;C ?>3C18; <=>3> ;N459, ?>425@3 >AB@0:87<C 8 CAB@>8; B5@@>@ ?@>B82 G0AB8 >1I5AB20. = A>25@H5==> 8A:@5==5 E>B5; AG0ABLO ;N4O< 8 =5 ?@>AB> E>B5;, 0 1K; >45@68< 84559 >AG0AB;82;820=8O. @5C25;8G5==>5 AB@5<;5=85 : G5<C-;81> >1KG=> ?@82>48B : >1@0B=><C @57C;LB0BC. A?><=8< ;>7C=3, 28A52H89 2 1920-5 3>4K 2 !>;>25F:>< ;035@5 >A>1>3> =07=0G5=8O:  5;57=>9 @C:>9 703>=8< G5;>25G5AB2> : AG0AB8N . -B8 A;>20 ?@8=04;560B .. "@>F:><C, 1;8609H5<C A?>4286=8:C 5=8=0.  =8E  F8=8G=0O ACBL  1;03>@>4=>3> @071>9=8G5AB20. !>25@H5==> A?@0254;82> >B<5G05B .. 0BKH52:   >B;8G85 >B =5:>B>@KE :@8B8:>2 5=8=0, AG8B0NI8E A53>4=O, GB> 3;02=>9 F5;LN 45OB5;L=>AB8 5=8=0 1K; 70E20B 8 C45@60=85 2;0AB8, C25@>20;, GB> AB@5<;5=85< 2A59 53> 687=8 1K;>  >AG0AB;828BL G0ABL =0A5;5=8O ?;0=5BK (@01>G8E, 154=KE :@5ABLO=), C=8GB>682 4;O MB>9 F5;8 4@C3CN G0ABL ( 1>30G59 , A2OI5==>A;C68B5;59, A2>1>4><KA;OICN 8=B5;;835=F8N 8 B.4.).  ?>4>1=K9  AB@0B0F84 =8G5< =5 ;CGH5 =0F8ABA:>3> 35=>F840. <a href="#F14">(14)</a> <p> <a href="#31">"578A 31</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-35">  B578AC <a href="#35">35</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> ". >11A CB25@640; 1C:20;L=> A;54CNI55: «?>:0 ;N48 682CB 157 >1I59 2;0AB8, 45@60I59 2A5E 8E 2 AB@0E5, >=8 =0E>4OBAO 2 B>< A>AB>O=88, :>B>@>5 =07K205BAO 2>9=>9, 0 8<5==> 2 A>AB>O=88 2>9=K 2A5E ?@>B82 2A5E» (>11A ". 71@. ?@>872. 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CH:8=. <p> <a href="#40">"578A 40</a> o <a href="#Palautetta">Feedback</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <font size=+3> <b><center> <a name="comment-44">  B578AC <a href="#44">44</a> </center></b> </font> <font size=+1> / 7=0N: 1>;LH8=AB2> ;N459, 4065 2 F828;87>20==KE AB@0=0E, ?@>B82 >B<5=K A<5@B=>9 :07=8.  B5< =5 <5=55 O 2KABC?0N 70 >B<5=C. -B> <>O ?>78F8O. >>1I5, B@C4=> ?@54AB028BL 3C<0=8AB8G5A:8 >@85=B8@>20==>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 1K 2KABC?0; 70 A>E@0=5=85 A<5@B=>9 :07=8. <p> 1. / AG8B0N, GB> 3>AC40@AB2> (2 ;8F5 >@30=>2 ?@02>AC48O) =5 8<55B ?@02> C1820BL A2>8E 3@0640=. >AC40@AB2>->1I5AB2> =5 4>;6=> C?>4>1;OBLAO C189F5. #1820NB ;81> ?> 7;>C<KA;8N, ;81> ?> =5>AB>@>6=>AB8, ;81> ?> E0;0B=>AB8, ;81> 2 ?@545;0E =5>1E>48<>9 A0<>>1>@>=K. !<5@B=0O :07=L  C189AB2> ?> ?@83>2>@C AC40. 0:85 <>B82K B0:>3> C189AB20? 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">;AB>9. !<8@5=85. ., 1911. <br><a name="F8">(8) N1>?KB=>, GB> A><=5=8O 2 ?@02><5@=>AB8 ?>=OB8O «G5;>25G5AB2>» 2KA:07K20;8 8 @CAA:85 ?8A0B5;8. . . ">;AB>9, =0?@8<5@, 3>2>@8; > =5:>5< «B08=AB25==>< G5;>25G5AB25»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br><a name="F9">(9) !<. >1 MB><: . . 0;0H>2. @8B8:0 <0@:A87<0 8 :><<C=87<0. ., 1997. <br><a name="F10">(10) >38G5A:0O 4825@A8O  @07=>284=>ABL ?>4<5=K B578A0. 'C2AB2CO =52>7<>6=>ABL 4>:070BL 8;8 >?@0240BL 2K428=CB>5 ?>;>65=85, 2KABC?0NI89 ?KB05BAO ?5@5:;NG8BL 2=8<0=85 A;CH0B5;O =0 >1AC645=85 4@C3>3>, 2>7<>6=> 8 206=>3> 4;O A;CH0B5;59 CB25@645=8O, => =5 8<5NI53> ?@O<>9 A2O78 A ?5@2>=0G0;L=K< B578A><. >?@>A >1 8AB8==>AB8 B578A0 >AB05BAO ?@8 MB>< >B:@KBK<, 81> >1AC645=85 8A:CAAB25==> ?5@5:;NG05BAO =0 4@C3CN B5<C. (!<.: 8@8;;>2 .., !B0@G5=:> .. >38:0. ., 1999. !. 215). <br><a name="F11">(11) 84@> . !>1@. A>G. 2 10-8 B. .-., 1935-1947. ". V. !. 133. "> 65 C 5BE>25=0:  5B =8G53> 2KH5 8 ?@5:@0A=55, G5< 4020BL AG0ABL5 <=>38< ;N4O< . > 745AL <>65B 1KBL =5B>G5= ?5@52>4.  020BL AG0ABL5  2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE B0:>5 2K@065=85 4>?CAB8<>... A;8 C?>B@51;OBL 53> 2 D83C@0;L=>< A<KA;5 8;8 :0: =5:>B>@>5 EC4>65AB25==>5 ?@5C25;8G5=85. <br><a name="F12">(12) 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89. ., 1956. !. 5. <br><a name="F13">(13) >??5@ . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2> 8 53> 2@038. ". 2, ., 1992. !. 274. <br><a name="F14">(14) !<.: .. 0BKH52. 0AA5:@5G5==K9 5=8=. ., 1996. !. 9. <br><a name="F15">(15) . . ">;AB>9 ?8A0;: «"5, :>B>@K5 4C<0NB, GB> =5;L7O @C:>2>48BL ;N4L<8 8=0G5, :0: =0A8;85<, ?@5=51@530O 8E @07C<><, 45;0NB A ;N4L<8 B> 65, GB> 45;0NB A ;>H04L<8, >A;5?;OO 8E, GB>1K >=8 A<8@=55 E>48;8 ?> :@C3C.»  .. ">;AB>9. 0:>= =0A8;8O 8 70:>= ;N128. III. <br><a name="F16">(16) 7 B5;5?@>3@0<<K " «@>B>:>;-@0AA;54>20=85» 19 8N;O 2004 3., 14.45. <br><a name="F17">(17) K =5 15@5< A;CG08 C189AB20 =0 2>9=5, =0 4CM;8, ?> =5>AB>@>6=>AB8 8;8 2 F5;OE A0<>>1>@>=K. -B> >A>1K5 A;CG08.  =8E, :0: ?@028;>, =5B 7;>3> C<KA;0. </td> </tr> </table> <p>Asko Korpela 20080202 (20080202) o <a href="http://www.askokorpela.fi/">Ajk kotisivu</a> o <a href="..\Balashov.htm">Balashov</a> o <a href="mailto:askokorpela@Gmail.com">WebMaster</a> </p> </font> </body> </html>