BalaPedia-11-en

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11 11000000	How do we think? Mind, intelligence, reasoning Qualities of thinking Reasoning Probabilistic thinking Mind Intelligence Categorial structure of thinking Common sense, sound thinking
11000003	Has thinking about thinking got any practical meaning? Thinking about thinking.
11000004	Posing and solving problems.
11000005	To which three forms of activity can thinking be divided? Reflecting, dividing, transferring.
11000006	What are the tasks of the three parts of thinking?
11000007	Remark.
11000009	Two classes: instrumensts, categories.
11000010	Normative nucleus of thinking.
1101 11010000	Mind, intelligence, reasoning
11010001	Three types of thinking.
11010006	What is the importance of imagination and reasoning? Imagination and reasoning.
11010007	What is the essence of reasoned thinking? The essence of reasoned thinking. Mind spoons thoughts from experience. Reasoned thinking elaborates, organizes presently existing.
11010008	What is the highest property of thinking? Intelligence as the highest property of thinking.
11010011	Probabilistic thinking.
11010014	Mind is the property of thinking to deduce many of few.
11010015	Reasoning is the capability of thinking to retrieve little of much.
11010018	Crystallic net of thinking.
11010019	What are the different properties of reasoning and mind? Memory and comprehension.
11010020	What are the instruments of mind and reasoning? Intuition and logics.
11010021	Where are the mechanisms of intuition and logics? Accidental and necessary.
11010022	What is the role of rules in two kinds of thinking? With and without rules. Logical thinking by rules. Intuitive without rules.
11010023	What is free thinking? Accidental and necessary.
11010024	What is the difference in activity of the two kinds of thinking? Orderliness and unorderliness.
11010026	Which is the prevailing capability? Discursing or probabilistic thinking.
11010027	What is the orientation of different philosophers in view of the two kinds of thinking? Reasoners and intuitivists.
11010028	Paradigmas.
11010029	In what sense is empirism an intermediary capability of thinking? Interpreting from the point of view of existing knowledge. Empirism - probabilistic approach. Rationalists on known, existing knowledge.
11010031	What is the difference between rationalism and irrationalism? Rationalism and irrationalism. Difference is not only in their relationship to order and disorder.
11010032	What is the auctority of reason? Auctority of reason. Why not?
11010033	What kind of contradiction is there in the 'management by reason'? Can part manage the whole?
11010034	Reason is both part and the whole.
11010035	How do Descartes and Shakespeare characterize this dicothomy of reason? Rationalism and irrationalism.
11010036	How can both rationalists and irrationalists be right? Man is both rational and irrational.
11010037	Empirism as transitional position.
11010038	How is empirism situated in relationship with rationalism and irrationalism? Empirism as a middle point.
11010039	What does the transitory character of empirism mean? Empirism can be joined to both.
11010040	How do empirists relate to the extremes of rationalism and irrationalism? Empirism: repudiating the extremes.
11010041	What humiliating has said Locke, one of the founders of empirism? All in mind is after perception.
11010042	What is the significance of the probabilistic character of empirical thinking? Empirism: only probabilistic conclusions.
11010044	In what sense is the 'razumism' in the most balanced position between the extremities? Razumism.
11010047	What is the relationship of thinking to feelings? Icy, dead, dry!
11010048	Feshness, sharpness, clearness...
11010051	What can be said of the negative qualities of thinking? Negative qualities of thinking.
11010052	What are and what are not reflecting properties of thinking? Intelligence is reflecting property of thinking.
11010053	What is the contribution of reflection to intelligence? Preference of intelligence.
11010054	Intelligence is the conscience of thinking.
11010055	Mind and reasoning are instinctive.
11010056	What are immediate and indirect thinking? Intelligence is indirect thinking.
11010057	What about general and particular? Particular - general.
11010058	How can the use or thinking resources be adjusted according to the need? Mind is heavy artillery of thinking.
11010060	What is characteristic to the thinking in young age? Flexibility of young thinking.
11010061	What is added to the thinking at the mature age? Definiteness, firmness...
11010062	How does thinking change in old age? Ossified thinking.
1102 11020000	Qualities of thinking Slyness Wisdom
110201 11020100	Slyness
11020101	Is slyness a good or a bad quality of mind? Slyness means deceit.
11020103	When is slyness applied? Collision with other mind.
11020104	What does it mean, when somebody applies slyness continuously? Need of continuous slyness.
110202 11020200	Wisdom
11020201	How can wisdom be defined? Wisdom is synergy.
11020202	What is needed for wisdom? Experience and thinking.
11020203	What does a wise man avoid? Extremities avoided.
11020204	Solving big tasks.
11020205	What is the difference between knowledge and wisdom? Wisdom is the breathing of a nation.
11020206	Can wisdom be learned? No wisdom without thinking.
11020208	Wise man finds worth learning everywhere.
11020211	Combination of knowledge and good.
11020212	Knowing how to learn knowing.
11020213	Knowing to decide with the knowledge.
1103 11030000	Reasoning (deductive logics) Reasoning and logics Deduction, reasoning Limits of deductive logics
110301 11030100	Reasoning and logics
11030101	What is reasoning? Both deductive and probabilistic.
11030102	What is logics? More order, more logic. Inductive, probabilistic thinking only partially appears logical and therefore genuinely does not deserve to be given the name of being logical.
110302 11030200	Deduction, reasoning
11030204	How can logical thinking be characterized? ...can be shown true or not.
11030206	Deduction is used in practically all forms of activity.
11030207	Importance of logic in jurisprudence.
11030208	Positive and negative forms of logical thinking.
11030209	Inference.
11030210	What is the origin of inference?
110303 11030300	Limits of deductive logics
11030301	What kind of thinking is deduction? Most accurate, most vulnerable...
1104 11040000	Probabilistic thinking Prediction
11040001	How common is probabilistic thinking? Probabilistic thinking between deductive and intuitive.
11040002	What are the forms of probabilistic thinking? Three forms of probabilistic thinking.
11040003	What is the main 'actor' of probabilistic thinking? Prediction.
110401 11040100	Prediction
11040101	What is the difference between prediction and guess? Convinced or not convinced.
11040102	What is the difference between prediction and guess? Guess without alternatives.
11040103	Prediction - a possible outcome.
11040104	Guess: a categorical outcome.
11040105	Outcome with or without probability.
11040106	Guess: either or.
11040107	What kind of limit between correct and wrong? Fuzzy and unsteady.
11040108	What kind of relation to emotions and feelings? Indifferent or passionate.
1105 11050000	Mind (intuition) Intuition, inspiration, inference, guess What is needed for the development of intuition? Limitedness and absolution of intuition
110501 11050100	Intuition, inspiration, inference, guess
11050101	Intuition - capacity of guessing.
11050102	Inspiration: exitement of mind.
11050103	Inference.
11050104	Guess.
110502 11050200	What is needed for the development of intuition?
11050201	What is needed for intuition? Experience.
11050202	Interest in everything.
11050203	Rich experience.
11050204	Emotional readiness.
11050206	Pictorial thinking.
11050207	'Intuition is mind of imagination.'
11050208	Dreaming needed.
11050209	Role of dreams.
110503 11050300	Limitedness and absolution of intuition
11050301	What is needed in addition to intuition? Logics needed.
11050302	Can intuition give ready knowledge or ready idea? Logical test needed.
11050304	Only one step to mystic inference.
1106 11060000	Intelligence (dialectic thinking) Idea is mind of intelligence Dialectics of ideas How does idea develop thinking Location of idea in the creative process
110601 11060100	Idea is mind of intelligence
11060101	Idea is the richest, most comprehensive...
11060103	What is the significance of the idea for thinking? Idea is the combustible of thinking.
110602 11060200	Dialectics of ideas
11060201	Does idea contain contradictions? Manifold of contradictions.
11060202	How do ideas arise? Idea between task and solution.
11060203	How does idea relate to solution of a task? Temporary solution.
11060204	What kind of contradiction is idea? Transition from task to solution.
11060205	How is expressed the subjectivity of idea? Mobilizing passionate interest.
11060206	How does idea combine passivity and activity? Idea as the beginning of activity.
11060207	What is the relation of idea to intuitive and logical thinking? Product of mutual work of intuitive and logical thinking.
11060208	Can the idea be drawn from the basic knowledge about the problem? Logics cannot lead to ideas.
11060209	Can the idea be only continuation of intuition? Intuitive thought is accepted or not.
11060210	How does the idea relate to intuitive and logical thought? Intuitive beginning, logical definition.
11060212	Are intuition and logics mutually exclusive? Unity of opposite means of thinking.
11060213	How does intuitive thinking differ from logical? Absence of internal connections.
11060214	Is all logical thinking conscious? Speed by excluding internal connections.
11060215	What is the role of intuition in the learning of skills?
11060216	Can computer work on incomplete information? Incomplete information.
11060217	Why cannot life be reproduced by computers? Static totality of elements.
11060218	What is the origin of intuitive thinking? Inference can be reproduced.
11060219	Is life needed for intuitive thought? Logical thought is indifferent to feelings, emotions.
11060220	What is needed for creative process? Logics represents human race in thinking.
110603 11060300	How does idea develop thinking
11060302	How does idea differ from any thought? Idea develops a thought further.
11060303	What is the relationship between task and solution? Combinng task and solution.
11060304	What is the relationship between subject and object in practical activity? Subject subordiantes object.
11060305	What is the role of ideas in connetion between subject and object? Ideas as intermediary connections.
11060306	What is the significance of intuition for thinking? Idea makes the process.
11060307	Is it true: the more thoughts, the better? It is not true: the more thoughts, the better.
11060308	In what sense is idea a watershed? Appearance of an idea is a revolution.
11060310	Spiral form of thinking
11060312	How does a thought become an idea in a spiral-like development? Coil of a spiral.
11060313	What happens in the second coil of a spiral? Across the border to action.
11060314	What does the second cycle mean to the idea? Idea becomes accepted to lead into thinking system.
11060315	How does the second stage differ from the first? An antithesis occurs.
11060316	Where does the last stage lead? Back to the starting point.
110604 11060400	Location of idea in the creative process
11060402	What is needed to a controlled organized process? Idea is needed for a controlled process.
11060403	Of what consists the meaning of the idea for creative process? Idea as a charge needed for creative process.
11060404	Three etappes
11060405	What is the main content of the first etappe? Old means of solution no more good.
11060406	What consists the second etappe? Transition to oriented process.
11060407	Does the etappe of creative work come out suddenly? Distance between the birth and creative stage.
11060408	How is the idea inspected, verified? Following certain rules.
11060409	Are there some criteria for the acceptance of the idea? Criteria for the evaluation of idea.
11060410	What are the criteria for the definition of ideas? Truth and usefulness.
11060411	What is the criterium of possible truth? Experience and practice.
11060412	Are there different degrees of truthfulness? Depending on amount of knowledge.
11060413	Is there any subjective element in the evaluation? Different levels of knowledge.
11060414	Do the criteria have an objective foundation? Level of education.
11060415	What is the criterium for the definition of practical idea? Possible usefulness.
11060416	Which properties must the idea fulfil for possible usefulness? Interest, need...
11060417	What kind of consciousness is needed? Clear-cut consciousness.
11060418	From the point of view of implementation what is important? Not too large expenditures.
11060419	Why is possible usefulness important? Ideas of essential interest of people are found.
11060420	What can be said of the role of criteria of possible truthfulness? Necessary for practical ideas.
11060421	Are artistic ideas somehow special? Dependence of artistic taste.
11060422	Has methodology any significance? Methodologically solid ideas.
11060423	What happens during the third etappe of on the way from birth to solution? Solution of the problem.
11060424	What are the basic functions of ideas? Basic functions.
11060425	What is essential in the synthetic function of the idea? Joining into the system.
11060426	What happens at the 'door' to the world of unexplored? Innumerable richdom of new things.
11060427	What double task solves the synthetic function of idea? Conservation of it as an integral education.
11060428	What does the regulating function mean? Disciplining the thinking of man.
11060429	What is an example of the power of regulating function? Case of pathologic disturbance of thinking process.
11060430	What is the significance of regulative function for the transition to solution? Leads the idea through difficulties.
11060431	What is the essence of the heuristic function A jerk to the world of unrecognized.
11060432	What possibilities has the heuricstic function? New knowledge, new object, new performance.
11060433	Is courage needed for new ideas? Reckless ideas.
11060434	What is the significance of the new? New is a goal in itself.
1107 11070000	Categorial structure of thinking Categorical logics of thinking How are categories working and emerging? Expression of categories in language. Table of categories “Kitchen” of categorical logics Categories are color and brush for the philosopher Methodological function of categorical logics
11070002	What are categories? Ideal tools of human activity.
11070003	Do philosophers discuss categories different from common people? Philosophers approachin the common use.
11070004	Are not people thinking systematically also without categories? Systematically with questions.
110701 11070100	Categorical logics of thinking
11070101	Are categories possible independently of our will? ‘We cannot think any single object without the help of categories.'
11070102	What kind is the structure of categories? Pyramide of hierarchical system.
11070104	Is a structural orientation along the categories possible? Classification of the structure. From unforeseen richness of perceivable world is taken the most essential and thanks to classification conserved in memory.
11070105	‘rationally logical rules’
11070106	Emergence of categories.
11070107	Definition along general categories.
11070108	What is the essence of the categorial structure of thinking? System of categories of thinking, categorical structure. Our thinking reflects categorical structure of the world in the way of spontaneously settling system of categories of thinking, categorical structure.
11070109	What are the very primitive categorical definitions? Natural systems of categories of thinking and categorical definition of the world. Primary categorical definitions are the definitions of the world itself, its selfdefinitions, that is, the natural system of categorical definitions, which (as also the world as a whole) exists independently of man and mankind.
11070110	Can the categorical structure be called 'picture of the world'? Categorical picture of the world.
11070113	Why is needed a conscious discovery of categories? Why is needed consciousness of categories? Spontaneous use of categories means undesired absolution of some categories in detriment of others.
11070114	Has the categorical logics always been recognized? System of forms of existence. Sufficiently full system is needed.
110702 11070200	How are categories working and emerging?
110703 11070300	Expression of categories in language.
11070301	How are categories expressed in the structure of language? Grammatical parts of speaking.
110704 11070400	Table of categories
11070401	Pronouns and pronominal adverbs.
11070402	How does the categorial thinking develop? ‘why-age’ in the book ‘From two to five’.
11070403	On what basis is the categorical structure constructed? Inquisitive words.
11070404	Crucial questions.
11070405	Scholastic logics. Nine questions as instruments in revelation of truth.
11070406	What are the 'seven questions' in retorics? Seven questions in retorics. To reveal person, activity, location, partners, goal, means and time.
11070409	Are philosophic categories the 'real thing'? Primary material for categories is in natural thinking and language. Philosophic categories asre only descriptions of natural everyday thinking.
110705 11070500	“Kitchen” of categorical logics
11070502	Why are categories arranged pairwise? Are there other possibilities? Pairwise organization.
11070503	Categorical blocs and subsystems.
11070504	Can category consist of categories? System of concepts.
11070505	What are the subcategories expressing? Subcategories and mother categories.
11070506	Is there any connection between categories in horizontal direction? Intercategorical relations.
11070507	How can these intercategorical relationships be described? ‘Chemical compounds’ of various categories.
11070508	Is there some concrete examples of this kind of compound categories? Quantitative and spatial concepts.
11070509	Are categories something 'once and forever' or is there some fluctuation? They ‘drift’ all over.
11070510	What is the idea of intercategorical concepts? Connections remove the problem of flexibility and rigidity. The flexibility of category is conditioned by its reflections (reverberation) in other categories.
11070511	Does the fact that some words have several meanings cause some difficulties? Unequivocally used words.
11070512	Isn't a large part of words in some sense uniequivocal? Polysemantic words.
11070513	In what way may words have unclear meaning? Three non-categorical meanings.
11070514	What determines the equivocality of words, designating categories? What determines the equivocality of words? Answer from the history of the language.
11070515	But are there categories of thinking without words?
11070516	Visually schematic presentation. Table of main and subcategories.
11070521	Coexistence of substance and living organism
11070523	Liquid, hard body, gas.
110706 11070600	Categories are color and brush for the philosopher
11070602	Why is justified the expression ’categorical picture of the world’? Justification of ’categorical picture of the world’.
11070603	Language of categories.
11070604	In what way can be compared the task of philosopher with that of artist? Philosopher as artist.
110707 11070700	Methodological function of categorical logics
11070701	What is the main task of the categorical structure of thinking? Categorical structure combines intuition and reasoning logics.
11070702	Need of firmness of supporting points.
11070703	Can categorical reference points be compared with a net of coordinates? System of categories may remind of the net of coordinates.
11070704	What is the methodologic function of categorical logics? Reference points of cognitive and practical activity.
11070706	Categories and methods
11070407	Connection of different categories.
1108 11080000	Common sense, sound thinking (norm in thinking, normal thinking) Sound idea is a great value in thinking To the history of question Against the valuation of common sense as of working only 'within the walls of homestead' Limitations of sound idea Versatility and manifoldness of sound thinking Sound thinking can be developed and corrected Unsound thinking, unsound idea non compos mentis How we think, so we live
110801 11080100	Sound idea is a great value in thinking
11080101	What is 'normal'? Normal defined.
11080102	What is the difference between sound thinking and thinking in general? Sound thinking.
11080103	What is essential in human behavior? Behavior according to sound thinking.
11080104	What is the role of common sense in normal and sound thinking? Common sense.
11080105	How is defined sound thinking? Moderate behavior.
11080107	Is sound thinking in a way golden middle way? Not white neither black.
11080108	Is sound thinking something like logical thinking? Avoiding paradoxes.
11080109	Is logics used all over in sound thinking? Moderate use of logics, too.
11080111	Where is the difference between sound thinking and common sense? Not in contents. The difference between sound thinking and common sense is not in the contents but their bearance to different objects.
110802 11080200	To the history of question
11080202	Is common sense a kind of general feeling? General feeling coordines the perception.
11080203	Do common sense and general feeling have a long history? Comprehension.
11080204	‘Discretion’ and ‘reasonableness’.
11080207	Common sense and phantasy. Common sense is opposed to unrestrained phantasy.
11080210	Cannot common sense and reason be used as synonyms? Basis of human thinking.
11080211	Keep the golden midway.
11080217	Has common sense something to do with feelings?
110803 11080300	Against the valuation of common sense as of working only 'within the walls of homestead'
11080301	Is common sense also accepted on more sophisticated levels of intellect? Metaphysical model of thinking.
11080302	Amundsen's dog relay.
11080304	Can sound idea be understood as something superficial? Profound is not complicated.
110804 11080400	Limitations of sound idea
11080401	Can common sense be considerd as the fundament for making reasonable decisions? Full-valued, active thinking.
11080402	Is common sense always sufficient? Common sense is only a condition of fullvalued life.
11080403	Is common sense something absolute? Common sense is practical.
110805 11080500	Versatility and manifoldness of sound thinking
11080501	Is there variation in the quantity and quality of common sense? Different quality and different quantity of common sense.
11080503	Lack of common sense.
11080504	But isn't healthy scepticism a sound property? Healthy scepticism.
110806 11080600	Sound thinking can be developed and corrected
11080601	Can common sense be developed? Obtained with conscious efforts.
11080602	Does common sense develop by aging? Developing by aging.
11080603	Does commons sense vary along with professional orientation? Different by profession.
11080604	Does common sense depend on the degree of erudition? Erudition increases common sense.
110807 11080700	Unsound thinking, unsound idea non compos mentis (lat.) — not in sound senses
11080701	Is there variation in the pathologic thinking? Pathologic thinking.
110808 11080800	How we think, so we live
11080804	Happiness depends on conditional internal order.
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11

How do we think?

1101

Mind, intelligence, reasoning

1102

Qualities of thinking

110201

Slyness

110202

Wisdom

1103

Reasoning (deductive logics)

110301

Reasoning and logics

110302

Deduction, reasoning

110303

Limits of deductive logics

1104

Probabilistic thinking

110401

Prediction

1105

Mind (intuition)

110501

Intuition, inspiration, inference, guess

110502

What is needed for the development of intuition?

110503

Limitedness and absolution of intuition

1106

Intelligence (dialectic thinking)

110601

Idea is mind of intelligence

110602

Dialectics of ideas

110603

How does idea develop thinking

110604

Location of idea in the creative process

1107

Categorial structure of thinking

110701

Categorical logics of thinking

110702

How are categories working and emerging?

110703

Expression of categories in language.

110704

Table of categories

110705

“Kitchen” of categorical logics

110706

Categories are color and brush for the philosopher

110707

Methodological function of categorical logics

1108

Common sense, sound thinking (norm in thinking, normal thinking)

110801

Sound idea is a great value in thinking

110802

To the history of question

110803

Against the valuation of common sense as of working only 'within the walls of homestead'

110804

Limitations of sound idea

110805

Versatility and manifoldness of sound thinking

110806

Sound thinking can be developed and corrected

110807

Unsound thinking, unsound ideanon compos mentis (lat.) — not in sound senses

110808

How we think, so we live

Common sense, sound thinking
(norm in thinking, normal thinking)

Unsound thinking, unsound idea
non compos mentis (lat.) — not in sound senses