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Questions of world view |
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World view |
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01010001
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What is your idea of the world?In front of everybody, sooner or later, emerge questions, which can be described as pertaining World view, general ideology, in German Weltanschauung. What is world? What does it present in itself? How is it? Why is it this way and not something else? Does it exist for ever or is it created by god or gods?
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1. Weltanschauung.
What is world? What does it present in itself? How is it? Why is it this way and not something else? Does world exist for ever or is it created by god or gods? (01010001) |
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01010002
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What is the philosophic expression of our relationship to the world?Of our relation to the world depends, how we see it, how we find ourselves. ’World is pitiful only for pitiful people, world is empty only for empty people’ said L. Feuerbach.
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01010003
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The behavior of people is influenced by who or what determines their lives: god (gods), fate, destiny, something else, and to what extent. |
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01010004
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The conception that world has been created by god (gods) and is managed by him (them) has had and still has serious influence on many people’s behavior. |
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01010005
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Materialism and idealism, deism and ateism, fatalism and voluntarism, determinism and indeterminism, rationalism and irrationalism and mysticism, all these are standpoints that play an essential role in people’s lives. |
2. ...isms...
Isms are a popular hobby. What is your favorite ism? (01010005) |
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01010006
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What can we expect from the world?People always presented the question, what is world, and what can we expect of it? One of the earliest views of world is that of the Bible. In the first book of the Bible (Old Testament to be exact) Genesis a picture is given of how the world emerged. According to this picture the world was created by God, an almighty being, who however is thinking, speaking and acting like human. God according to Bible existed already before the emerging of the world. He created world in 6 days: at the beginning he created heaven and land, then light, then dry land and waters, then vegetative and animal worlds. In the sixth day he created man. This is how schematically the creation of the world is imagined. From the point of view of the modern science this picture of the emerging of the world does not stand any criticism. Creation of the manifoldness of the surrounding world is not possible. Some believers of god have suggested that 6 days be not considered as calendary days, but very long historical periods. This proposition was not supported, because then it would be necessary to review the whole concept of bible. As a matter of fact, in the Bible they speak of six days of creation. God as some child or sculptor formed man by the name Adam from clay, and woman by the name Eve from the rib of Adam. It is announced also that in the seventh day God rested. It is clear that we are talking not of some long periods but of just days. This biblical picture of world is conserved to our days, and believers, willing or not must accept it. There was a time when believers completely seriously considered, that women must have one rib more than men. Their supposition was not confirmed, so in this respect it is not possible to pretend that woman be created from the rib of man.
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3. 'the rib of man' theory
(01010006) |
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01010007
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The biblic picture of the world is not the only religious picture of the world. A developed picture of the world exists also for instance in the hinduism. |
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01010008
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What is the scientific picture of the world?During the past centuries a scientific picture of the world was developed. It is based on observations of astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and is presented usually as an antithesis of the religious picture of the world.
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4. Scientific as an antithesis of the religious.
(01010008) |
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01010009
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Scientists as a result of their research work have explained the surrounding world. They have particularly determined that our Earth exists 4 billion years and our part of the universum has existed no less than 15-18 billion years, that the limits of the Metagalactics are distanced from us 15-18 billion light years. A light year is a distance gone by light in one year with the speed of 300 thousand kilometres per second. Physicians have established that on the basis of all processes, mutual functioning in our part of universum lay 4 basic interrelations of electromagnetic, gravitational, strong (nuclear) and weak forces. They have also established that the universum consists of molecules and atoms, atoms of the elementary particles of electrons, protons and neutrons, and they, in their turn, consist of quarks, sub elementary particles with minimal electric charges. |
5. How old is our part of the world?
Our part of the universum is no less than 15-18 billion years old. (01010009) |
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01010010
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In what way the religious and the scientific pictures of the world are different?The scientific picture of the world operates with the complete observations, experiments, calculations, which the scientists have performed during the past 2000-2500 years. It is based also on the knowledge of laws of nature: physical, chemical, biological. The totality of all these scientific knowledge gives in great general the scientific picture of the world.
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01010011
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What is the philosopher's contribution to the picture of the world?Science does not, however, give a complete, exhausting conception of the world. There are no scientists who would handle the world as a whole. Various sciences give only mosaical, fragmentary picture of the world. In reality, only philosophers can speak of the world as a whole. But philosophers are not scientists, they do not research the nature, but only are thinking what other people produce as knowledge, that is through the prism of scientific knowledge and philosophic conception of the world.
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6. Only philosophers can speak of the world as a whole.
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0102 |
Categorical world view |
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01020001
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If research workers think with the help of exploration, that is, with the help of knowledge of laws of nature and phenomenons, so philosophers are thinking through the totality of scientific knowledge, through all historic and personal experience. All this knowledge they draw through their wit. The main instrument of philosophic scrutiny of the world is the philosophic concepts of categories. With other words, philosophers draw the picture of the world with the help of categories. Philosophic picture of the world is categorical picture of the world, and categories as like brush and colors for philosophers. We are speaking of such concepts as being, matter, motion, space, time, quality, quantity, possibility, reality, cause, effect, necessity, randomness, equality, controversy, contradiction… More than hundred philophical categories are counted. |
7. Philosophic categories:
being, matter, motion, space, time, quality, quantity, possibility, reality, cause, effect, necessity, randomness, equality, controversy, contradiction… (01020001) |
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01020002
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All people on the earth have got some kind of picture of the world, but some do recognize it, some do not. And those who recognize, have some concept of the world, particularly they consider themselves as materialists, idealists or in some other way they characterize their views. |
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01020003
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Various philosophers draw various categorical pictures of the world. |
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01020004
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Only philosophers take some one category as a basis. They understand the world as some monarchic state, conducted by one category of monarch, or as a particular matryoshka, who contains inside many small matryoshkas, or one big category consequently contains in itself smaller categories. |
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01020005
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This way, Spinoza took as the basis of his picture of the world the category of substance and through a consequent division of this category to many constituing (attributes and moduses) draw the picture of the world. Spinoza’s substance had two attributes: thinking and expansion, and they, in turn, had different modes (changes in view). In Spinoza’s expansion such modes as motion in space, time, necessity, randomness, lawfulness, are presupposed… |
8. Spinoza's view.
(01020005) |
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01020006
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Russian philosopher V.S. Solovyov originated as the main category explaining the world the category of general unity. |
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01020007
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These philosophers are denominated as monists, from the word monism. |
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01020008
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Other philosophers imagine the world as some totality, a republic of categories. They did not determine any one category as one main category. They are called pluralists. |
10. Pluralism.
(01020008) |
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01020009
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What is a category?What is such a category? The most comprehensive definition is the following: category is a series, a class of something. If we speak of philosophic categories, it is a series, a class of a certain kind of concepts. In the real action there exist also certain categorical side phenomena that are considered as categorical definitions of the world. In other words there are certain side classes of some realities. For instance, when the world is seen in space and time, it is defined in two categorical facets: from the point of view of space and of time. When we define something as real or possible, then we scrutiny the world as facets of reality and of possibility. If we now take it with the help of these concepts order and chaos, we think of the world either as orderly or as chaotic, or both together. Of which of these exists more in the world: order or chaos, is a fundamental problem of philosophy. According to some mythological conceptions, at the beginning there was chaos, of which then emerges order, that is, as if the world moves from chaos to order.
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11. A class of something.
(01020009) |
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01020010
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The notion 'from chaos to order' is of rather old origin. Many nations have a legend of original chaos, from which thanks to higher powers a harmonious world has emerged. So in one of the oldest litterary documents, 'Rigveda' it is said that god 'developed an excellent world from a formless chaos which was the only one that existed' (F002). Hesiod in his 'Theogony' writes also: "above all there was a chaos". This notion of original chaos, writes A.N. Averyanov, is preserved to our days. Many cosmogonic hypotheses are build on an assumption of a chaotic state of being." "And their most vulnerable point is justly, he finishes, the transition from the chaotic state of material to the order." (F003). |
12. ’order from chaos’ is of rather old origin.
(01020010) |
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01020011
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What is the categorical picture of the world?The most fundamental level of categorical picture of the world is the natural system of objective categorical definitions of the world (categorical structure of the world). It is possible to construct different versions of existence of this natural system. categorical definitions are not only some totalities, manifold of definitions, they are situated in a defined order. For instance, space we see as a binded bloc of time and movement. categorical structure of the world conditions, gives birth to categorical structure of thinking (categorical structure, categorical logics of thinking). categorical structure of thinking is a result of- emerging of living nature, living organism, highest living creatures, and
- historic development of human beings, his cognition and practice.
He describes the categorical structure of the world and describes to the extend, in which human being is able to solve practical problems. Not more, not less. This means that we cannot speak of a full correspondence of categorical structure of thinking and of categorical structure of the world.
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13. Categorical structure of the world.
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01020012
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Categorical structure of thinking emerges in the human brain in a very complicated way: and on the basis of biological development and making, and on the basis of historic and of individual development and making. |
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01020013
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Our categorical thinking expresses itself above all in the form of questions, pronouns and pronominal parts of speaking. Questions of who?, what?, denominate object, thing, piece, organism, living being. Who denominates a living being? What a nonliving? This is the first categorical difference between living and nonliving. The question which? means of what quality, how much? expresses quantity, where? expresses space, when moment of time, whereto These questions show, that human being is thinking categorically. This kind of thinking gets its form already in chilhood. Categorical concepts is thought in later phase of the development and making of the human. Then also gets its form the categorical thinking. |
14. Categorical thinking.
More questions than answers, it seems. (01020013) |
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01020014
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Why cannot we think without the concept of categories?That is: we cannot think in any other way than with the help of categories.
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01020015
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Categorical thinking, which is recognized in the form of questions and concepts, is secondary categorical definition. Philosophic concepts and categories, developed in the process of historic development of philosophy, this is already a third order categorical definition. |
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Message to authors
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